Unit 4: Mutations and Protein Synthesis

Transcription/Transcribe

The first step of protein synthesis. When mRNA copies the DNA strand in the nucleus to make an mRNA copy

mRNA

a type of rna that takes down messages from DNA to the ribosome

Complementary DNA Strands

A goes with T and C goes with G

What type of organisms have nucleic acids?

Every living thing

Translation

When tRNA's anticodon matches with the mRNA codon to bring the correct amino acid

How are organisms traits determined?

By their sequence of DNA bases that codes for proteins and traits

Steps in protein synthesis

1: Transcription 2: Translation

Which part of a nucleic acid carries the genetic information

Nitrogen Bases

Genetic Code

A series of bases inside DNA

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

What are the parts of DNA and RNA

Sugar

What are the characteristics of DNA?

Double stranded

What are the characteristics of RNA

Single stranded

When is a gene expressed?

When the protein it codes for is made in the cell

Insertion mutation

When a base is inserted into a sequence but nothing is removed from the original sequence

Deletion Mutation

When a base is deleted from a sequence

Which type of mutations affect offspring?

Mutations in the sperm and egg cells will be passed on to future offspring

What type of mutations affect just the organism and not the offspring?

Mutations in body cells affect just the organism

Substitution Mutation

When one base is switched out for another base. This is a point mutation that does not change the entire sequence

frameshift mutation

When a base is inserted or deleted and it changes the reading frame of the sequence

Silent mutation

When a mutation still codes for the same amino acid

Missense mutation

When the mutation leads to a different amino acid being expressed

Nonsense mutation

A mutation that leads to an early stop

What is the point of a mutation

Mutations can be beneficial