AP World History Test- Transformation of Europe

QUIZ ON 1/26/24

Protestant Reformation summary

Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) attacks Roman Catholic Church practices in 1517, mostly about indulgences. He writes 95 theses and puts them on a Church door. They were rapidly reproduced by new printing presses. Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520. 1520’s - 1530’s → dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland.

Why does the Church face criticism?

political involvement, wealth, power, foster greed, corruption, people demand more personal involvement with the divine.

Martin Luther’s expanded critique

closure of monasteries, translations of Bible into vernacular, end of priestly authority, especially the pope → return to Bible for authority. German princes became interested → opportunities of assertion of local control. Support for reform spreads through Germany. (Martin Luther is German btw).

other countries that follow Germany

Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary

What did King Henry VIII (r. 1509 - 1547) do?

had a conflict with the pope over requested divorce, pope says no, he starts his own church (Church of England), and divorces her anyway. Church of England was formed by 1560.

What did John Calvin (1509 - 1564) do?

codified Protestant teachings while in exile in Geneva, he’s French btw

Catholic Reformation summary

refine doctrine in response to Protestants, missionary activities geared towards Protestants (to convert them back), attempt to renew spiritual activity.

Council of Trent (1545 - 1563)

periodic meetings to discuss reform → allowing translation of the Bible, set rules for monasteries, oppose celibacy of priests, bans sale of fake indulgences.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

priestly order, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491 - 1556), rigorous religious and secular education, effective missionaries

Witch hunts summary

most prominent in regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants, late 15th century development in belief in devil + humans assists, 16th - 17th centuries: approx 110K people put on trial, 45K die → mostly female victims who were either single or widowed, held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc. New England: 234 tried, 36 hung.

general religious wars

protestants and Roman Catholics fought in France 1562 -1598. 1588: Phillip of Spain attacks England to force return to Catholicism → English destroy Spanish ships → send unmanned flaming ships out. Netherlands rebelled against Spain → independence by 1610.

30 year’s war

1618 - 1648, Holy Roman emperor attempts to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholicism, all of Europe gets involved in conflict, principal battleground - Germany, political and economic issues involved, approx 1/3 of German population destroyed.

Consolidation of sovereign states

emperor Charles V (1519 - 1556) attempts to revive the Holy Roman empire, through marriage and political alliances, fails, part of the Hapsburg empire (in Austria). Foreign opponents - France, Ottoman Empire. Unlike China, India, and Ottoman Empire, Europe doesn’t develop as a single empire, rather as individual states. Charles V abdicates the throne and goes to a monastery in Spain.

How did Italy become rich?

through trade

What countries are more successful than Italy and why (in 16th century)

England, France, Spain because of tax revenues. England: Henry VIII makes fines/fees for royal services, confiscated monastic buildings. France: Louis XI, Francis I: new taxes on sales, salt trade.

(no one expects the) Spanish Inquisition (idk if it was really unexpected, I just wanted to make a reference to a meme)

founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478. Task: find Jews and Muslims, and Protestants later on. These people faced executions → intimidated nobles, archbishop of Toledo imprisoned 1559 - 1576

Constitutional states

England: constitutional monarchy. Netherlands: republic

English Civil War (1642 - 1649)

begins with opposition to royal taxes. religious elements: Anglican church favors complex ritual, complex church hierarchy, opposed by Calvinist Puritans. King Charles I armies and parliamentary armies clash → king loses → beheaded in 1649

Glorious revolution (1688 - 1689)

in England. Puritans take over, become dictatorship. monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes. resolution with a bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution. King James II deposed, Mary (daughter) and husband William of Orange take throne → shared government between crown and parliament.

absolute monarchies

theory of divine right of kings. French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu under King Louis XIII (1624 - 1642). Destroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies, built bureaucracy to bolster royal power base, ruthlessly attacked Calvinists.

Louis XIV (1643 - 1715)

Sun King. “The state, that’s me”. Made Versailles in 1670s → it became his court. power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence.

Versailles info

Largest building in Europe, 1,400 fountains, 25K fully grown trees transplanted, maintaining/building made them VERY broke.

Romanov Dynasty (1613 - 1917)

Russian dynasty, got overthrown and family was decapitated, absolutism

Peter I “the great” (r. 1682 - 1725)

worked to modernize Russia on western European model, developed modern Russia army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion → beards forbidden, built new capital at St. Petersburg.

Catherine II “the great” (r. 1762 - 1796)

huge military expansion → partitions of Poland 1772 - 1797, social reforms at first but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773 - 1774)

European states system

no imperial authority to mediate regional disputes, peace of Westphalia (1648) after 30 year’s war, innovations in military tech proceed fast.

early capitalism

private parties offer goods and services on a free market, own means of production, private initiative → no government control (in contrast to communism), supply and demand determines prices, banks and stocks develop in early modern period, joint-stock companies → relationship with empire-building.

impact of capitalism on the social order

rural life → improved access to manufactured goods, increasing opportunities in urban centers begins depletion of rural population. Inefficient institution of serfdom abandoned in Western Europe, retained in Russia until the 19th century. Nuclear families (mom, dad, kids living in one house with no other relatives, as opposed to extended family or single-parent houses) replace extended families. Women enter the workforce and make income.

capitalism + morality

Adam smith (1723 - 1790) argued that capitalism would improve society as a whole. major social increases poverty in some sectors → rise in crime, witch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tensions and gender roles.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)

the sun is at the center of the solar system, the earth rotates on its axis, earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564)

father of anatomy, made detailed drawings of human body based on dissection

Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)

emphasized observation and experimentation as the key to modern science

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

developed an improved telescope, discovered sunspots, discovered mountains on the moon, discovered jupiter’s moons, performed experiments on the velocity (speed) of falling objects

Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630)

planets follow elliptical (not circular) orbits, described laws of planetary motion

William Harvey (1578 - 1657)

described the circulation of blood and the function of the heart

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

emphasized the importance of math and logical deduction in understanding the physical world, invented analytical geometry

Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)

synthesized earlier findings around the concept of universal gravitation, invented calculus, formulated laws of motion, formulated concept of inertia