AP European History Chapter 11: Crisis of the Later Middle Ages

AP European History Chapter 11: Crisis of the Later Middle Ages; McKay’s History of Western Society

Whom was hurt the most by the Black Death?

Western Europe, specifically Italy

What did people want the most during this period?

Order

What was the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)?

A series of battles fought over land between the English & the French; France kicked England out but suffered immensely from war repercussions

Who starts colonization first?

Spain & Portugal; mainly because they weren't involved in the 100 Years War conflict

What is excommunication?

The taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian church; essentially banished a person to hell

Heretic

someone who goes against the teachings of the Catholic Church

Who was John Wycliffe?

he believed Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the head of the church and that the bible was final authority of Christian life he was offended by clergy's wealth and worldliness

Who was Jan Hus?

German professor (influenced by Wycliffe) who said that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was burned at stake

What was the Conciliar Movement?

Claims that the pope shouldn't have 100% power

Why did peasants revolt during this time?

Because they were starving

Vernacular

everyday language, allows some people to read

Dante's Divine Comedy (Dante's Inferno)

written in Italian, gives reader a tour of heaven, purgatory, and hell. used to make fun of people of his time (placed where he thinks fit). religious and secular.

The Black Death

Genoese ships brought the bubonic plague to Europe in 1347. The disease lived in fleas that infested black rats. These rats entered cities from Asian trade ships, fleas jumped from rat to human, infection spread rapidly as cities were filthy and human hygiene was minimal

Care for Black Death

Most people had no rational explanation for the disease, and out of ignorance and fear many blamed it on Jews, causing thousands of Jews to be murdered. Others viewed the disease as a punishment from God. No government intervention/help as national governments were weak at this point in European History.

Causes of Hundred Years' War

Edward III of England, the grandson of the French king Philip the Fair, claimed the French crown by seizing the duchy of Aquitaine in 1337. Both the French and the English saw military adventure as an excuse to avoid domestic problems.The war meant opportunity for economic or social mobility for poor knights, criminals, and great nobles.

Joan of Arc

She participated in the lifting of the English siege of Orléans in 1429. Was the turning point in the war for the French but eventually was captured by the English and burned as a heretic in 1431.

The Babylonian Captivity

This was the period in which the Papacy was centered in Avignon, not Rome. (1309-1378) The seven Popes resided here and were heavily influenced by the French crown.

The Great Schism (1378-1417)

A conflict in the Roman Catholic Church where there were 2 (Urban VI vs. Clement VII) and at times 3 popes all fighting for power. The split brought the church into major conflict and weakened the religious faith of many.

Peasant revolts

Major peasant revolts against the nobility occurred in France in 1358 (the Jacquerie), 1363-1484, 1380, and in 1420, and in England in 1381. French peasants were angry about taxes, food shortages, fur-collar crime, and other circumstances. Workers in Italy (the ciompi), Germany, and Spain, also revolted.

Great Famine

(1315-1322) poor harvests, crops destroyed by severe weather (torrential rains), costs of goods and livestock inflated, contemporaries interpreted as a recurrence of the biblical "seven lean years"

flagellants

extremist groups who whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their and society's sins; believed that BD was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness

Jacquerie

1358, when French taxation after HYW fell heavily on poor, French peasantry exploded in massive uprising; hit by plague, famine, fur-collar criminals and recently paying ransom for French king and nobles kidnapped by English, peasants in France erupted in anger and frustration; crowds swept through the countryside killing nobles, burning castles, raping wives and daughters, and killing horses and cattle.

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)

An Italian author who wrote the "Decameron," a book about secular stories during the Black Plague.

Jan Hus (c.1369-1415)

A German theologian who was the first real reformer on the Church. He was burned at the stake but his ideas led to a papal crusade against the Hussites.

Valois Family

the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589, ruling the nation from the end of the Middle Ages to the rule of Henry IV. This family continued the work of unifying France and centralizing royal power begun under their predecessors, the Capetian dynasty.

Aquitaine

A southwestern province in France that was under the control of the English crown from 1154 until 1453. Major land conflict that was a catalyst for the Hundred Years War.