11_Envi&Applied Micro

a

0.2-2 mm

Mesobiota size and components

Viruses

lead a strictly parasite existence - they reproduce between bacteria, plants, animals and human cells

bacteriophages (phages)

most important kind of viruses

depends on their ability to eliminate some populations of bacteria and on selecting the microorganism both in a negative and positive way

role of phages in the soil environment

phages that attack the root nodule bacteria (Rhizo) which are the cause of the decline of papillo….

example of their negative influence

Bacteria

Basic mass of all soil microorganisms

High metabolic activity

Bacteria has high or low metabolic activity

Autochtonous

Zymogenous

Bacteria 2 grps

Autochtonous

Native to the soil

Zymogenous

Grow after high organic matter discharge is grown in the soil

Actinomycetes and rod coccus bacteria

Largest grp of soil bacteria

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms and are absolute heterotrophs

decomposition of organic matter

Fungi obtain carbon and energy for cell building through what

False

• walang chlorophyll

• cell walls contain chiitin, glucans, and other polysaccharides

T/F

Fungi contains chlorophyll and have cell walls containing chitin

symbiotic

Fungi form what type of relationships with algae,

Penicillum

Aspergillus

Trichoderma

Verticillium

Fusarium

Rhizopus

Mucor

Zygorhynchus

Chaetomium

Common soil fungi include

• Both co-create soil structure by producing humus

• They contribute to the formation of crumb texture and spongy soil structure through the production of mucous capsules and their filamentous ….

Role of Bacteria and Fungi

Humus

A vital component that influences soil structure, sorption qualities, and organic compound richness

Soil phytoedaphon

Primarily consists of algae, with higher plants making a smaller contribution

Algae

Are abundant on the soil surface and can penetrate deeper through various means like ploughing, …

F

Soil algae are obligatory photoautotrophs

Those in deeper layers may exhibit heterotrophic tendencies

T/F

Soil algae are obligatory heterotrophs

Those in deeper layers may exhibit autotrophic tendencies

Significantly impact soil ecosystems, contributing to fertility smth through what

Nostoc, Anabaena, Scytonema, and Tylypothrix

Soil pythoedaphon

Certain blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) examples

atmospheric nitrogen

cyanobacteria can fix _______ in soil significantly

• They can colonize nitrogen and organic carbon-free soil due to their nitrogen and carbon assimilation abilities

• Blue-green algae

• Green algae

• Diatoms (Eunotia, vagilaria, etc)

• Yellow-green algae

• Euglenoids

• Red algae

About 2 thousand species of algae occur in soil. Mainly:

Macrobiotic

[Macrobiotic/Microbiotic] plants are higher plants

Soil microfauna

represented by the protozoans, which mainly feed on bacteria

conduct selection

Role of soil fauna

1. diplura

2. prutura

1 and 2 are both wingless

3. spring tails

4. mariapoda

5. mites

6. earthworms

7. nematoda

8. protozoans

Fauna of soil

Mesofauna

includes nematodes, snails, insects

Macrofauna

comprises earthworms, moles, rodents, which break up soil material and transport it to deeper layers

Earthworms

especially significant among invertebrates, consuming dead organic matter and mineral soil,

excreting

Earthworms excrete ___

Cellulose

associated with hemicellulose and lignin

A major component of plant cell walls

15-30%

lignified and straw around 50%

Dry

Cytophaga

Cellfalcicula

Cellulomonas

Cellvibro

Cellulolytic bacteria include _______________ aid in cellulose degradation

Trichoderma

Fungi, particularly WHAT genus, are known for releasing highly active cellulase enzymes that facilitate cellulose breakdown

F

both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

T/F

Decomposition of cellulose occur only in aerobic conditions

Acetovibrio

Bacteroides

Clostridium

anaerobic decomposition conducted by genera such as?

Lignin

a major component of wood tissues alongside cellulose

30%

Lignin can constitute up to what percent of plant biomass

Trametes versicolor

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Pleurotus

Most active fungi that cause white rot of wood

Humus

an amorphous organic substrate, usually dark, that makes up the coilloidal system of a large surface area capable of adsorbing ions of water and gases

10 to 15

Humus contains fractions of organic substances which have a low ratio of C:N

C:N = 40:1

ratio of elements in dead plants’ residue

carboxy, phenyl

Presence of _ groups

Nitrification

biological process of oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

Formed ammoinium ions

These are utilized by the baceria and plants for the synthesis of amino acids or undergoes the process of nitrification

• Ammonia is ozidized to nirite by nitroso bacteria (Nitrosomonas)

• Nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by nitro bacteria (such as Nitrobacter)

Nitrification occurs in 2 stages

acidic, with growth slowing at pH 5

Nitrifying bacteria are sensitive to acidic or basic environments

Denitrification

conversion of nitrate into molecular nitrogen, prumarily occurring in oxygen-free environments

Pseudomonas

Achromobacter

Bacillus

Micrococcus

Heterotrophic bacteria like _______ are key players in denitrification

• reduction of nitrates to nitrites

• nitrites to nitric oxides

• nitric oxides to molecular nitrogen

Denitrification process

Thiobacillus denitrificans

Chemoautotrophic bacteria such as ___________ also contribute to

Water microorganism

inhabit various biotopes, including underground waters, surface waters, and bottom sediments

oligotrophic

Underground waters, such as mineral and thermal springs, are typically ______ and host a sparse microflora with few species

Bottom sediments

A transitional habitat between soil and water (layer in between), are often oxygen-free and host anaerobic decomposition processes

Environment fosters anaerobic microflora, cellulolytic bacteria, ,,,

Microorganisms occupy surface waters in all of the zones; they may be suspended in water (___), cover stationary water objects …

plankton or bioseston

Group of organisms that passively float in water not being able to resist the movemennt and flow of water mass

• phytoplankton (plant plankton)

• zooplankton (animal plankton)

• protozoa plankton

• bacterioplankton (bacteria plankton

• virus plankton

types of plankton based on where u can see them

Vibrio, pseudomonas

Characterization of Water bacteria

many bacteria are motile, using cilia or flagella for movement

Oligotrophic water bacteria

these bacteria in clean waters are typically microforms with cells smaller than 1 microm often around 0.4 microm

Water oligotrophs

Autochthonous bacteria

• Photoautotrophs

• Chemosynthe

Water bacteria

Chloroflexaceae

Filiform green bacteria

Sulfuric bacteria

bacteria that move in sliding motions beggiatoa alba and fixed to the bottom Thiothrix nivea

Hydrogenomonas

• Micrococcus denitrificans

• Desulfovibrio desulfurans

Hydrogen bacteria

genus

Allocthonous bacteria

bacteria within high fertility and heavily polluted surface waters

Gram (-) intestinal rods like e. coli, proteus, klebsiella, and enterobacter

Allocthonous bacteria include

Gram (+)

These are washed into bodies of water from soil during heavy rainfall and are also prevalent

Water Fungi

occurs in waters with pH below 6.0 typically in shallow environments close to or just below the surface, as they require ample oxygen

T

T/F

Fungi have more diverse shapes

Algae

simplest autotrophic eukaryotes that encompass over 20,000 species and inhabit both freshwater and marine environments. They play a crucial role as producers of organic matter and oxygen

thalli

Algae exist as single cells or form ____ multicellular bodies

Blue-Green Algae

Group of organisms previously classified as algae now considered to belong to the kingdom of Prokaryota and sub-kingdom Eubacteria

can conduct photosynthesis, containing clo

combination of chlorophyll and ficocyanine

how does Blue-green color of these organism form

cell fission

Reproduction of blue-green occurs through what

T/F

Blue-green algae are resilient to extreme environmental conditions

• Historically, microbes were seen as harmful and targeted for eradication

• However, there’s been a paradigm shift towards utilizing microorganisms for beneficial purposes

Shift in Perspective in Applied Microbiology

• Microorganisms play vital roles in diagnosing, treating, and preventing human diseases

• Examples

  • diagnostic tests using microbial cultures

  • development of probiotics and antibiotics

Medical Applications in Applied Microbiology

• Microorganism are utilized in various non-medical fields

• Bacterial spores like Bacillus thuringiensis and viruses such as baculoviruses are used for insect pest control

• Fungis Sclerotina sclero

Non-Medical Applications in Applied Microbiology

• Early beliefs attributed the formation of pus to the draining of harmful humors, leading to the treatment of diseases

• Physicians in the Middle Ages employed deliberate contamination of wounds with bizarre mixtures containing bacteria.

• Central European and South American civilizations cultivated fungi for wound applications.

[Early Treatment of Human Disease]

Historical Practices

microbial antagonism

[Early Treatment of Human Disease]

Development of Concepts

In the 19th century, Pasteur's experiments demonstrated _____ where common bacteria inhibited anthrax.

staphylococci

Deliberate infection with seemingly harmless bacteria like _______ was used to treat diseases like diphtheria, tuberculosis, and syphilis.

Bacteriophages

discovered in the early 20th century, were initially considered as potential antibacterial agents but fell out of use until recent revival.

• Early practices evolved with scientific understanding, leading to more sophisticated approaches to microbial treatment.

• Modern research is revisiting old concepts like bacteriophages for their potential in combating bacterial infections.

[Early Treatment of Human Disease]

Evolution of Treatment

• Vitamins

• Amino acids

• Dextrans

• Iron-chelating agents

• Enzymes

[Present-day Exploitation]

Microorganisms contribute to the synthesis of various medicinal agents:

• Microorganisms, either whole or in subcellular fractions, are utilized in various assays.

• They can be suspended or immobilized in inert matrices for specific applications.

Assays and Applications

• Microorganisms play a role in modifying complex drug molecules, especially in situations where synthetic routes are impractical or costly.

• Recently, they've been employed as platforms for discovering new therapeutic peptides and proteins, showcasing their versatility in drug development.

Complex Drug Modifications

• Dextrans

Pharmaceuticals Produced by Microorganisms

Dextrans

are polysaccharides primarily produced by lactic acid bacteria, notably Leuconostoc species, from sucrose fermentation.

Large fermenters

are used for growth, with low nitrogen and high carbohydrate media.

Dextrans of defined molecular weight

are crucial for laboratory and clinical applications, obtained through methods like acid hydrolysis or polymerization using templates.

plasma expanders for intravenous injection to maintain or restore blood volume and are used in wound care to form a hydrophilic layer.

Commercially (in clinical use), dextrans serve as ?

40,000 and 300,000, with infusions containing averages of 40,000, 70,000, and 110,000

Dextrans for plasma expansion typically have molecular weights between

Iron dextran injections

containing iron hydroxide complexes with dextrans, treat iron-deficiency anemia.

Dextran sodium sulfate

with anticoagulant properties comparable to heparin, is formulated for intravenous use.