A&P 1 Ch. 1 - Intro to Human A&P

Anatomy

Study of Internal/External body structures, physical relationships to other body parts

physiology

Study of how living organisms perform vital functions

Gross Anatomy

MACROscopic - Visible Functions

Surface Anatomy

Exterior Functions

Regional Anatomy

Specific body features (Leg)

Systemic Anatomy

Organs systems (Groups of organs that cooperate to serve function)

Developmental anatomy

from fertilization to adulthood

Clinical anatomy

includes many subspecialities relevant to clinical

practice, such as pathological, radiological, surgical, etc

MICROscopic Anatomy

Structures not typically visible w/out aid

Cytology

Study of cells and their structures

Histology

Study of tissues and their structures

Tissues

Groups of cells that cooperate to serve a function

Cell Physiology

Functions specific to individual cells

Organ Physiology

Functions specific to Organs - Composed of multiple tissues that cooperate to serve a function

Systemic Physiology

Functions of an entire organ system

Pathophysiology

Change of function associated with disorder and disease

Order of levels of organization

Molecular - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

11 Organ systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphoid, Respiratory, Digesive, Urinary, Reproductive

Organ systems that control

Nervous and Endocrine

Organ Systems that support

Skeletal Muscular

Organ Systems that Maintain

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Lymphatic, Integumentary

Organ system that produces offspring

Reproduction

Proximal

Towards attached base

Distal

away from attached base

Medial

towards midline

Lateral

away from midline

Superficial

towards the surface of body/organ

Deep

towards the interior of body/organ

Posterior/Dorsal

towards the back

Anterior/Ventral

front surface

Caudal

towards the tail

Cranial

towards the head

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

How do Organ systems work to perform homeostasis?

They are integrated and work together to respond to external

and internal changes to maintain balance

Autoregulation

A tissue adjusts on its own in response to environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Nervous system or endocrine system sends signals to adjust activity of other systems

Why is homeostasis feedback (Neg or Pos) critical

For maintaining control - The body needs to know if its efforts are working.

What does homeostasis require

Receptor, control center, effector

receptor

Detects stimulus, change in environment

Control Center

Receives and processes information, sends out commands

Effector

Responds to command, does something related to stimulus

Negative feedback

the body acts to return to baseline value

Positive feedback

body acts to move away from baseline

When is positive feedback used

to speed up or strengthen processes, or trigger rapid changes. (Can still preserve homeostasis)