MODULE 4: SOCIAL & LIFESPAN PSYCHOLOGY

What did the Asch conformity test find?

People often conform to a group's incorrect answer even when they know it is wrong.

What percent of participants conformed at least once in the Asch study?

76%.

What percent of trials showed conformity in the Asch study?

37%.

What percent of participants were correct when alone in the control group during the Asch conformity study?

99%.

What is conformity?

Changing behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, or opinions to match others.

Why do people conform?

To gain approval, fit in, and be accepted by a group.

What was the Milgram obedience study?

A study testing how far people would obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unethical.

What did the Milgram study find?

60–65% of participants obeyed and went to the maximum shock level.

What was the main conclusion of the Milgram study?

Ordinary people often obey authority figures even when it conflicts with their personal values.

What happened when all participants were women in the Milgram study?

Results stayed about the same, though women showed more emotional distress.

What is prejudice?

A negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group.

What is discrimination?

Acting negatively toward a person or group.

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

The belief that members of an outgroup are all the same.

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

High control, low warmth.

What is the authoritative parenting style?

High control, high warmth.

What is the permissive parenting style?

High warmth, low control.

What is the neglectful parenting style?

Low warmth, low control.

Which parenting style produces children who are least competent in school?

Neglectful.

Which parenting style is associated with the highest self-esteem?

Authoritative.

Which parenting styles are associated with lower self-esteem?

Authoritarian and neglectful.

What is Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage?

Infants learn whether caregivers are trustworthy and reliable.

What is secure attachment?

Upset when caregiver leaves, comforted when they return.

What is avoidant attachment?

Little distress when caregiver leaves and avoids them when they return.

What is ambivalent/anxious attachment?

Very distressed when caregiver leaves and difficult to comfort when they return.

How do parents often treat boys and girls differently?

Boys are often encouraged toward independence and physical play; girls toward emotional expression and caregiving.

What did the Harvard Study of Adult Development find?

Close relationships are one of the strongest predictors of happiness, health, and longevity.

How do early-maturing girls differ from late-maturing girls?

Early-maturing girls have higher risks of anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem.

What is the personal fable?

The belief that your experiences and feelings are unique and special.

What is the imaginary audience?

The belief that everyone is watching and judging you.

How can age-related muscle loss be delayed?

Strength training, exercise, adequate protein, and staying active.

After age 65, who is more likely to be married?

Men.

What percent of the American diet is ultra-processed foods?

About 60%.

What factor is associated with long-term marital success?

A high ratio of positive to negative interactions (about 5:1).