EVR 1001 FSU Final

Scientific Hypothesis is:

An educated guess at the answer of a Q

using isotopic analysis of very old rocks showed the earth is _____ years old

4.6 billion

area that contributes surface runoff to a particular stream or river

watershed

which bio-geo-chemical cycle has no atmospheric part?

phosphorus

agroecosystem is different from a natural ecosystem bc:

-ecological succession to keep the agroecosystem in an early successional state

-focus on monoculture--large areas planted in neat rows and field making crops vulnerable to pests

-most requiring plowing, which in unlike any natural soil disturbance

Norman Borlaug started which revolution?

green revolution

what food is defined as resource intensive

meat: needs crop, water, and space to be grown

the destruction of the O layer of prairie land plus a long drought in the 1930s led to the so called

Dust Bowl

to transfer genes into plants scientists use

particle guns or bacter

whats the largest uncertainty regarding solar or wind power?

relatively unreliable and fluctuates a lot

renewable energy:

solar, wind, wave/hydro

a high EROI index shows that

the returns are high compared to the investment

when companies have to extract oil from an oil well using pressure or chemicals its called

secondary extraction

oil, natural gas, and coal are abundant fossil fuels. once production declines when reservoirs are 50% depleted we reach

peak oil (or gas, or coal)

different fossil fuels come from diff trees sources. coal is the converted hydrocarbons from:

algae

In the movie "casing ice" the film crew observed one of the larges ever wittnessed glacier calving events. Which comparable size was it?

size of Manhattan

glacier calving:

Breaking off large pieces of ice from glaciers

often enhanced temperatures lead to faster growth of agricultural products (crops). But why is higher temperature not always beneficial?

crops have temp maxima and after the temp max is reached the yield will decrease

How much does the melting of the Arctic SEA ICE contribute to sea level

rise (not including thermal expansion or positive feedback)?

0

heat capacity

mount of heat required to raise the

temperature of an object or substance one degree

An increase of how much energy per m2 is expected according to the IPCC and the data shown in the lecture? (Tip: Even a small increase in radiative forcing will change the global temperature dramatically)

~ 2 W/m2

leads to warming of the atmosphere

black carbon

The energy reaching Earth's surface is in average (averaged over the whole surface)

342 W/m2

To understand the causes of past, present and future climate change we have to understand what?

How solar and Earth's radiative emission interact with environmental factors

What is NOT a potential implication from changes in species distribution as a result from climate change

population growth

Which statement is FALSE in relation to animals expected to be most affected by climate change:

-They have limited climatic range and restricted habitat requirement

-They have limited dispersal ability and/or reproduce slowly.

-They have large populations and do not currently experience any other threat

-They have physiological or phenological traits influenced by temperature

They have large populations and do not currently experience any other threat

Which of the statements below is not a concept of adaptive management for climate change?

static management

oceans play an important role in climate bc:

2/3 of the earth is covered by water

water has a much higher heat storage capacity than air

Many scientists consider carbon dioxide the most important greenhouse gas

because

it is being produced by fossil fuel burning at a higher rate than other prominent greenhouse gases

It has a long life-time in the atmosphere

Natural weather variability (e.g. the range of weather in a region's climate) makes climate predictions challenging.

How long does it take to get a reliable dataset for these climate predictions?↵

decades

whats indisputable regarding climate change?

Climate changes naturallyThe current increase in CO2 is faster than any other fluctuation we have measured in the records

Enhanced CO2 will result in warming of our atmosphere if every other parameter is constant

Global average temperatures have increased during the past century

How can we obtain temperature data from today, 500 years ago and 1 mio

years ago?↵

Using direct measurements and so-called proxy data (using e.g. oxygen isotopes)

hazardous waste:

powder that corrodes steel drums

An oil that ignites easily

A liquid that causes headaches and vomiting if ingested

most effective approach to reducing waste?↵

Reducing the amount of material that needs to be disposed of

Scientific Method (beginning-->end)

observations-->hypothesis-->controlled experiment-->conclusions

Which is FALSE:

Historical evidence doesn't meet the primary requirement of scientific method.

In a valid controlled experiement variables are kept constant.

Examples of quantitative data include diameter of a tree.

Independent variable are variables that are manipulated.

Historical evidence doesn't meet the primary requirement of scientific method

If A increases and causes an effect B, which in return causes an increase in A, it's what kind of feedback?

positive feedback

Consider a situation where increased solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface and raises the ocean temperature. This results in more evaporation, which produces more clouds. The increased cloud cover reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth. This is an example of:

Negative Feedback

Nitrogen has a very high concentration in the atmosphere and is cycled very slowly into and out of the atmosphere.

Water vapor has a lower concentration in the atmosphere and is cycled quite rapidly.

Because nitrogen has (a) _____ residence time in the atmosphere than water vapor

Nitrogen has a higher residence time in the atmosphere than water vapor

Owls and hawks prey on similar animals, but hawks hunt by day and owls hunt at night. Is this an example of:

Niche differentiation

The relationship between hermatypic corals and zooxanthellae is an example of:

-mutualism

-parasitism

-commensalism

-predator-prey

-succession

Mutualism

In the food chain of "algae-->fly-->bird-->wolf-->decomposing bacteria" which is the autotroph?

algae

one is FALSE:

-species richness: the total number of species.

-species evenness: the relative abundance of species.

-species dominance: the most aggressive species.

-habitat diversity: the different kinds of habitats in a given unit area.

-genetic diversity: the total number of genetic characteristics

species dominance: the most aggressive species

Which characteristic tends to decrease diversity?

-physically diverse habitat

-environmental stress

-moderate amounts of disturbance

-middle states of succession

-evolution

environmental stress

which is TRUE:

-Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived.

-The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history.

-Extinctions of past species have happened gradually and on a small scale

-Most organisms present in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms.

-Bacteria represent a newer form of life, not old

Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived.

During a nice summer evening on a flat stretch of savanna in Madagascar, Marty (a zebra) is starting to run away from Alex (a lion). Marty speeds up to 30miles per hour using chemical energy. During the "high speed" chase chemical energy is converted to what?

kinetic energy and heat

reason for the seasons change:

earth is tilted and receives different amounts of energy per area

what should we expect in change of hurricanes if the surface ocean becomes warmer?

hurricane intensity and frequency to both increase

does the Gulf Stream: -Transport cold water from equatorial regions towards the north pole

-Transport warm water from equatorial regions towards the north pole

-Redistribute wind energy around the globe

transport warm water from equatorial regions-->north pole

slightly acidic rain dissolving olivine rock is an example of:

chemical weathering

the atmospheric carbon reservoir is larger/smaller than oceanic C reservoir

smaller. oceanic C reservoir is larger

How does N2 gas from the atmosphere get transferred into the

biosphere?

-Marine nitrate uptake (NO3 is converted to organic nitrogen)

-Denitrification (NO3and NO2 is converted to N2)

-Nitrification (NH4+ is converted to NO3)

-Nitrogen fixation (biological) (N2 is converted to organic nitrogen)

Nitrogen fixation (biological) (N2 is converted to organic nitrogen)

what is agroecosystem?

how ecosystems dominated by agriculture are named

in which scenario are crops more susceptible to infections/pests:

-When they are planted as monoclonal species grown neatly in rows

-When they grown in a natural ecosystem with other plants

-When they are planted in a variety of species grown neatly in rows

When they are planted as monoclonal species grown neatly in rows

reasons we can't feed the world:

Lack of food where it's needed

-Lack of agricultural capacity in areas with growing populations

-overconsumption of food and meat in wealthy nations

-Diversion of food to other products and waste

what's the upper layer of soil

O-horizon (organic layer)

benefit(s) of GMO's

pest/herbicide resistance

which is the correct match of water contaminant with its possible source of contamination:

-sediment from construction sites

-seepage of pesticides from agricultural activities

-nitrates from agricultural activities

-radioactive material from industrial activities

-all are correctly matched

all are gucci

Bacteria decay dead organic matter using oxygen. When bacteria levels in a

stream are very high:

oxygen available for other organisms decrease

climate:

The average weather conditions, usually in an area over a long period of time

-The Earth's climate changes

naturally

-Carbon dioxide levels in the

atmosphere are rising incredibly rapidly due to humankind's actions

-All else being equal, increased carbon dioxide would lead to increased global temperatures

-The Earth's temperature

has risen rapidly over the past half century

are all things the scientific community agrees on

which are indirect methods of estimating global temperature changes:

-A. The Mg/Ca ratio of foraminifera in marine sediments

-B. Buoys in the ocean

-C. Thermometers on land

-D. Changes of gas concentrations and isotopic values in ice cores

-E. Tree rings

-answers A, D and E

-answers B and C

A, D and E

Clouds affect our climate due to the interaction with incoming and outgoing radiation. Which is true:

-High clouds trap more heat and can have a heating effect

-Low clouds reflect more sunlight and can have a cooling effect

-Depending on the location of clouds (tropics/polar region), they can either cool or heat the planet

-All of the above

all true

Let's say that you started to get worried about the impacts of climate change on

your favorite animal.

So you went out every year to a nice preserve near your house, and you counted how many of your favorite animal there were. Over 30 years (as climate change continues), you find that they are decreasing (even though preserve management has remained the same). What is a fair assumption of the impacts being made on them?

This species is being affected, but we don't know whether we are seeing a shift in where the species lives, or a decline in the species

Which is false in relation to animals expected to be most affected by climate change:

-They have limited climatic range and restricted habitat requirement

-They have limited dispersal ability and/or reproduce slowly.

-They have large populations and do not currently experience any other threat

-They have physiological or phenological traits influenced by temperature

They have large populations and do not currently experience any other threat

An intangible factor:

is difficult to value economically

which is not an example of "a commons"

-National forests

-International ocean fisheries

-The atmosphere

-Most of the continent of Antarctica

-The shopping mall

shopping mall

clean air and water are traded and dealt with in today's world as if their value were:

zero

population

A group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and live in the same area

Scientists have adopted the Scientific Method as their standard procedure for

answering questions about natural phenomena. They have relied on this technique because:

following a standardized procedure allows a scientist to compare his/her data with the results of other scientists

Dr. Smith is stressed about waking up and making it on time to the airport in order to catch his plane. He sets the alarm on his digital watch (reads to 1/100 of a second!) and arrives at 7:00:00.00 a.m. Unfortunately, every other clock on the airplane terminal reads about 7:20. Dr. Smith is unable to make it through security in time and misses his flight. His watch is:

precise, but not accurate

The human population of the United States has increased over the last few hundred years due to all of the following reasons except:

-improvements in health care

-improvements in agriculture

-the death rate has decreased

-the age of first childbirth has increased

the age of first childbirth has increased

the human population growth currently is labeled as a logistic growth curve. this type of curve is:

S-shaped that shows rapid growth

the carrying capacity of an environment represents:

the maximum # of a particular species that an enviro can support

improved sanitation, an increased food supply and control of disease spreading organisms has resulted in:

accelerated population growth rate

when consider doubling time of human population?

you divide the annual growth rate into 70

which is false

-No measurement is completely accurate or precise

-Precision relates to how well we measure something

-Accuracy relates to how well we measure something

-Measurements help visualize relationships and analyze strength

accuracy relates to how well we measure something

what happens when a population substantially exceeds its carrying capacity?

overshoot and collapse

According to this food web, how would the trophic level of the bear change if it switched from eating only deer to eating only berries?

3-->2

competition occurs when:

two or more species attempt to use an essential common resource

_______ refers to the process by which an earlier-successional species changes the local enviro in ways that make it suitable for another species

facilitation

which is TRUE:

-secondary succession is the establishment and development of an ecosystem where one didn't exist before

-primary succession occurs when soil and some species are present

-keystone species are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse

-late-successional species tend to be slower growing and longer-lived than pioneer species

late-successional species tend to be slower growing and longer-lived than pioneer species

which is FALSE:

-Certain earlier-successional species interfere with the entrance of other species

-An introduced species is an

organism that is not native to the place or area where it is considered introduced and instead has been

accidentally or deliberately transported to the new location by human activity.

-Biomes are regions of the

world with different climate

-Secondary succession relates to the establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not previously exist

Secondary succession relates to the establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not previously exist

ecosystem energy flow

The movement of energy through an ecosystem from the external environment through a series of organisms and back to the external environment.

two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity

Extinction and speciation rates

extinction is a ______ process

natural

the major force(s) causing the genetic divergence of the two populations is/are

mutation and natural selection

first law of thermodynamics:

energy cannot be created or destroyed

what can cause imbalances in the earth's energy budget

Changes in the amount of energy reaching the Earth

-Changes in the amount of energy the Earth radiates back out

the greenhouses gases are

CO2, H2O as gas, Methane

which form of life is thouight to be the earliest on earth?

prokaryotes

Marvin is stressed about waking up and making it on time to his Environmental Science mid- term. He sets the alarm on his digital watch (to 1/100 of a second!) and arrives at 9:00:00.00 a.m. unfortunately, every other clock on campus reads about 9:10. Marvin is woefully late and misses ten minutes of the exam. What can be said about the accuracy and precision of Marvin's watch?

not very accurate, but very precise

How does the total fertility rate (TFR) affect the population growth of a nation?

TFR reflects the # of children who would be born per woman, the higher the rate the faster the population growth will be

commensalism:

a symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

If a lake is very large and the flow of water into and out of the lake is very slow, what can we say about the residence time of water in the lake?

residence time is high

Owls and hawks prey on similar animals, but hawks hung by day and owls hunt by night. What ecological principle is this an example of:

niche differentiation

what does species richness refer to?

# of different species represented in an ecological community

List two fundamental ways by which any population with a positive growth rate can move toward zero population growth.

lower TFR and higher death rate

The early atmosphere of the Earth had very little oxygen. Which organisms led to the rise of an oxygenated atmosphere?

cyanobacteria

List two ways that biodiversity may be impacted by climate change:

-species distribution: expected to move upwards in altitude or towards the poles. -phenology: like the Avian species timing of migration and breeding have advanced due to warmer springs