Bio 1A Unit 1

Biology

The scientific study of life and all organisms

Cation

positively charged ion

Anion

negatively charged ion

Key properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, moderates temp, versatile solvent

Ionization equilibrium

at neutral pH, the equilibrium reaction between water, hydronium, and hydroxids

Compound

two or more bonded atoms of DIFFERENT elements

cis isomer

“x” is on the same side of the carbon carbon double bond

trans isomer

“x” is on opposite sides of the carbon carbon double bond

enantiomers

“mirror images” of the same atoms-must have 4 different things bonded to the alpha carbon

stereoisomeric image

mirror image that is formed in an enantiomers if there are four different things bonded to the alpha carbon

alpha carbon

central carbon in an amino acid bonded to a carboxyl group and amino group and R group

L-dopa

biologically active enantiomer of dopamine

d-dopa

biologically inactive version of dopamine

hydroxyl group

OH (alcohol)

carboxyl group

COOH

carbonyl group

CO

Amino group

NH2

Sulfhydryll group

SH

Phosphate group

PO4

Methyll group

CH3

Monosacchardies

energy sources like glucose made from a single carbon ring

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

multiple carbon rings used to store energy

Oligosaccharides

Sugars covalently bound to lipids and secreted proteins

Alpha glucose

OH group from carbons 1 and 2 are on same side

Beta glucose

OH group from carbons 1 and 2 are on opposite sides

Dehydration reaction

Releases H20 when linking 2 polymers

Hydrolysis

consumes h20 to break down a polymer

glucose

6 carbon hexane

fructose

5 carbon pentane

maltose

synthesized using 1-4 glycosidic linkage of 2 glucose moleculess

sucrose

synthesized using 1-2 glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose

starch

1-4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers

cellulose

1-4 linkage of beta glucose monomers

saturated fat

fatty acids contain only single bonds (solid at room temp)

unsaturated fat

fatty acids contain a double bond making it liquid at room temp

triglycerol

all three carbons are bonded to a fatty acid chain

phospholipid

2 carbons are bound to fatty acids, 3rd carbon is bound to head group containing a phosphate group - molecules is kinked and amphiphillic

cholesterol

completely apolar and can lead to buildup in arteries.

Nonpolar amino acids

likely to be embedded in membranes

Polar amino acids

can be found in an aqueous environment and are ionizable

Acidic and Basic side chains

interact via electrostatic interactions

C-terminus

OH on the carboxyl group, where the amino acid grows from

N-terminus

H on the amino group, where the amino acid is synthesized first from and folds from

Primary Structure

peptide bonds between amino acids C terminus to N terminus

Secondary structure

hydrogen bond between amino and carboxyl groups on neighboring chains that form the alpha helix or the beta sheet

Tertiary Structure

LDF, disulfide brides, electrostatic, and h-bonding between side chains creating a 3-d structure

Quaternary structure

multiple units of polypeptides interacting

Sickle-cell Hemoglobin

amino acid substitution causes sickle shape which reduces iron binding capacity

Purine bases

guanine and adenine

pyrimidine bases

tyrosine and cytosine

Deoxyribose

sugar that is covalently bound to a nitrogenous base at 1’ and to a phosphate at 3’ and 5’, has an H at carbon 2’

Diester linkage

phosphates are linked at 5’ carbon initially and 3’ carbon in neighboring ring

DNA reading

occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Base pair

nitrogenous bases linked by hydrogen bonding in double helix

DNA polymerase

enzyme that adds base pairs at the 3’ terminus on the leading strand

Leading strand

base pairs are copied continuously growing the strand from 3’

Lagging Strand

base pairs are coppied discontinuously creating okazaki fragments in DNA replication

immunoflourecence microscopy

fluorescent antibodies detect chromosomes, mitochondria and actin in dead cells

GFP gene fusion

studies protein localization using recombinant genetics

sediment in low speed centrifugation

large molecules, cells, and nuclei

sediment in high speed centrifugation

small molecules, viruses

Gel electrophoresis

separates proteins according to size, larger proteins move slower

bakers yeast

discovered genes involved in regulating cell devision

Gram-positive bacteria

has a pesto-glycan cell wall layer, can take up gram stain

Gram-negative bacteria

lacks outer wall but has 2 lipid bilayers

direction of synthesis

3’ OH binds to 5’ phosphate growing the chain from the 3’ end