LUCAS EXAM 2

Speech Segmentation

The ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins. The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.

Double dissociation

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e: Person 1: function A is present, function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged, function B is present)

Wernicke’s area

damage to this area impairs language comprehension, but not language production

Broca’s area

damage to this area impairs language production but not language comprehension

Broca’s area

area of the brain involved in speaking

Wernicke’s area

area of the brain involved in understanding

FFA (Fusiform face area)

An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces. Damage to this area causes face blindness

PPA (Parahippocampal place area)

An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activates by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes

EBA (Extrastriate body area)

An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects

Distal Stimulus

That actual object or event in the environment (i.e: a tree)

Proximal stimulus

The physical energy that reaches our sensory organs (i.e: light reflected off the tree)

Representation

The mental image or interpretation our brain creates from the proximal stimulus (i.e: the idea of a tree in our mind)

Response

Our reaction or action based on the representation (i.e: identifying or reaching out to touch the tree)

Lack of correspondence

Representation does not correspond to the distal stimulus. We do not correctly perceive what’s out there

Paradoxical correspondence

When proximal and distal stimuli do not correspond, but representation and distal stimuli do correspond. WE correctly perceive what is out there, but we shouldn’t be able to

Perceptual constancy

an object is correctly perceived as constant even under changing conditions

Inverse project problem

How does the mind decide what caused a given image on the retina?

Bottom up Processing

Information that begins in the senses; the energy registering on receptors. Sequence of events feom the eye to the brain

Top Down Processing

Information that beings in the brain; knowledge, experiences; expectations

Perceptual Constancies (SIZE)

Objects seem to stay the same size even when their distance changes

Perceptual Constancies (SHAPE)

Objects appear to have the same shape even when viewed from different angles

Perceptual Constancies (COLOR)

Objects maintain their color despite changes in lighting

Muller- Lyer Illusion

Perceived as closer. Perceived as farther. Size constancy is then misapplied

necker cube

A cube that can be perceived in two different orientations

Oblique Effect

Perceptual advantage for horizontal and vertical vs diagonal orientation

Cardinal

Are there more cardinal or oblique angles in natural and manmade environments

Light from above assumption

We tend to assume light comes from above, which affects how we perceive shading and depth

Scene Schemas

the knowledge of what a given scene ordinarly contains

Sensory memory

Only lasts a few seconds or less. very large capacity

Iconic memory

sensory memory for visual srimuli

Echoic memory

sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Chunking

small units can be combining into larger meaningful units

Chunk

a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

Phonological Loop

Stores and processes verbal and auditory information

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Stores andprocesses visual and spatial information

Central Executive

The component that makes working memory “work” Coordinates the activity of the two sub systems

Episodic Bufer

Back up storage that allows STM to communicate with LTM to help account for chunking

Prefrontal cortex

Short term/ working memory has been linked to what cortex

Serial Position Curve

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of a word in the list

hippocampus

damage to this ares impairs LTM but does not impair STM

frontal cortex

damage to this area impairs STM but does not impair LTM

Retrieval Cuesa

Words or other stimuli that help us remember information stores in memory

Encoding specificity

Contextual information provides cues useful for accessing information in memory

State dependent learning

Memory is better when your physical or emotional state at the time of encoding matches the state during retrieval

Transfer appropriate processing

Retrieval is better if the same cognitive processes are engages at both study and test.

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia

inability to remember things that happened before the injury that is more severe for memories that were acquainted shortly before the injury

Hippocampal reactivation

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory

Study of patient with brain lesion

Which method allows you to make casual claims about brain behavior relationships?

fusiform face area

The fMRI study of “Greeble” experts provided evidence for experience-dependent plasticity in which part of the brain?