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Terms and Knowledge, all you need to know for unit 1!
Ghengis Khan
The first Khan the Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and led them to conquer vast territories across Asia and Europe in the early 13th century. Brutal, was a rapist, had many kids.
Kublai Khan
Grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan became the fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and founded the Yuan dynasty in China, promoting trade and cultural exchange.
Dual Principle
A concept in governance where two separate authorities, often religious and political, share power and influence over a society, frequently seen in the context of Islamic and European medieval governance.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled to Asia in the late 13th century, Marco Polo is known for his detailed accounts of his journey to the court of Kublai Khan, influencing European perceptions of the East.
Ibn Battuta
A Moroccan explorer and scholar who traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world and beyond in the 14th century, documenting his journeys in a travelogue that provides insight into the cultures and societies he encountered.
Zheng He
A Chinese explorer and diplomat during the early Ming Dynasty, Zheng He led major voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, establishing trade and cultural exchanges. Lead fleet of 300+ ships. Travelled 31,000+ milesand helped to expand China's maritime influence.
Neo Confucianism
A philosophical movement that emerged in China during the Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism combines Confucian ethics with Buddhist metaphysics, emphasizing moral self-cultivation and the importance of social harmony.
Order of major Chinese dynasties. (Ming, Song, & Yuan)
Song, Yuan, Ming
Champa Rice
A fast-maturing rice variety from the Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam, Champa rice significantly increased agricultural productivity in China during the Song Dynasty, allowing for population growth and urbanization.
Song Dynasty
A major Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279, known for its advancements in technology, culture, and economics, as well as the development of Neo-Confucianism.
Sinification/Sinicization
The process of adopting Chinese culture, language, and customs by non-Chinese societies, often seen in areas influenced by Chinese civilization such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
Pax Mongolia
“Mongol Peace.” The period of peace and stability across Eurasia during the Mongol Empire, facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and communication between the East and West.
Bushido
The samurai code of conduct in feudal Japan, emphasizing loyalty, honor, and martial arts proficiency.
Ibn Sina
A Persian polymath who made significant contributions to medicine, philosophy, and science during the Islamic Golden Age, known for his influential works such as "The Canon of Medicine."
Al Razi
A Persian physician and philosopher known for his innovative contributions to medicine, particularly in the field of chemistry and the study of infectious diseases during the Islamic Golden Age.
Sufism
A mystical Islamic belief system that emphasizes personal experience of God and spiritual closeness through practices such as meditation, chanting, and introspection.
Dispora
The dispersion of any group of people from their original homeland, often leading to the establishment of communities in different regions.
Caliphate
A form of Islamic government led by a caliph, considered a political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad, aiming to unify the Muslim community.
Sejuk Terks
A term referring to the cultural and religious practices of the Javanese people, often incorporating elements of Islam and local traditions.
Sunni Islam
Sunnis believe that the Prophet did not explicitly name a successor and that the community should choose the leader by consensus. The first four leaders after the Prophet are known as the "Rightly Guided Caliphs". The name "Sunni" comes from the Arabic phrase Ahl al-Sunnah, which means "People of the Tradition"
Shia Islam
Shia Muslims believe that leadership should remain within the Prophet Muhammad's family, specifically favoring Ali, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law, as his rightful successor. They emphasize the role of imams as spiritual leaders and interpreters of Islamic law.
Angor Wat
A massive temple complex in Cambodia, originally constructed in the early 12th century as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, later transformed into a Buddhist temple. Angkor Wat is renowned for its stunning architecture and intricate bas-reliefs.
Pachacuti
The ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco, was known for expanding the Inca Empire and establishing its administrative structure. Considered first historical Incan emperor.
Montezuma II
The ninth ruler of the Aztec Empire, known for his dramatic reign during the early 16th century, was marked by the empire's expansion (Aztec empire at its greatest size during his rule. and encounters with Spanish conquistadors. Killed by Spanish Conquistadors.
Aztecs
A Mesoamerican civilization known for its rich culture, impressive architecture, and complex social and political organization, which flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century.
Incas
A South American civilization known for their advanced engineering, extensive road systems, and centralized government, which thrived in the Andes Mountains from the 15th to the 16th century.
Tenochtitlan
The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, known for its impressive architecture and complex urban planning.
Machu Pichu
An Incan citadel located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, renowned for its sophisticated dry-stone construction and panoramic views. Royal Estate and religious site of the Inca civilization, believed to have been built in the 15th century.
Cahokia
A pre-Columbian Native American city near St. Louis, Missouri, significant for its size, large earthen mounds, social organization, and as a trade hub around the 11th to 13th centuries.
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was the ninth emperor of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337, known for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca which highlighted his immense wealth. His reign promoted the cultural and economic growth of West Africa through education, architecture, and trade. Huge Hajj to mecca in 1324
Great Zimbabwe
A medieval city in southeastern Africa, the capital of the Great Zimbabwe Kingdom (11th-15th centuries), known for its impressive stone ruins and trade connections. Believed to have served as a royal palace for local monarch.
Timbuktu
A historic city in Mali known for its role as a center of trade, culture, and education, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries, featuring ancient universities and mosques.
Swahili
One of the major languages of Africa. It’s the official language of Kenya. Tanzania, Uganda, and the African Union
Religious Mysticism
adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation
What system does Buddhism reject?
The caste system
Confucianism
5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly - (1) ruler and subject, (2) parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling. (5) friend and friend
Hinduism Beliefs
Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)
Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life
Islam Beliefs
Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an
Salvation is won through submission to God - 5 Pillars of Islam: (1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca
Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember
Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age
Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)
Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)
Built around trade - used receipt and bill system
European Feudalism
A medieval socio-economic system where landowners (lords) granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty, while peasants worked the land for protection and sustenance, creating a hierarchical society with kings, lords, vassals, and serfs.
Vassals (European Feudalism)
lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)
Peasants or Serfs (European Feudalism)
Worked the land
Serfdom
A system where peasants are bound to work on their lord's land and are subject to their lord's authority, often providing labor in exchange for protection and a small plot to cultivate.
Note 
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