apush 2.4-2.9

imperialism

a policy of expanding the border and increasing the global power of a nation, typically via military force

subsistence farmers

farmers who grow crops for their own need rather than for a profit

leislers rebellion

class revolt by urban artisans and landless renters led by merchant jacob lesiler in 1689 new york over new taxes and centralized rule

redemptioners

immigrants who borrowed money from shipping agents to cover the costs of transport to america, loans that were repaid, or “redeemed”, by colonial employers. Redemptioners worked for their “redeemers” for a set of number of years

walking purchase

treaty that allowed Pennsylvania to expand its boundaries at the expense of Indians. The treaty likely a forgery, allowed the british to add a territory that could be walled off in a day and a half

mercantilism

economic system centered on maintaining a favorable balance of trade for the home country with more gold and silver flowing into that country than flowed out seventeenth- and eighteenth-century british colonial policy was heavily shaped by mercantilism 

navigation acts

1798 act passed by the federalist controlled congress that raised the residency requirement for citizenship from five to fourteen years to delay the naturalization of immigrants who largely voted democratic-republican

consumer revolution

1.  a process through which status in the colonies became more closely linked to financial success and a refined lifestyle rather than birth a family pedigree during the 17th and 18th centuries the consumer revolution was spurred by industrialization and increased global trade

middle passage

1. the brutal voyage of slave ships laden with human cargo from africa to the americas. It was the middle segment in the triangular journey that began in europe, went first to africa, then to the americas and finally back to europe

slave laws

1. a series of laws that defined slavery as a distinct status based on racial identity and which passed that status on through future generations

gang labor

a particularly harsh labor system that forced enslaved Africans and african Americans to work at a continuous pace throughout the day

stono rebellion

1739 uprising by enslaved africans and african americans in south carolina. In its aftermath while fear of slave revolts intensified

anglo-powhatan wars

 series of conflicts in the 1620’s between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia and maryland

covenant chain

the alliance formed between iroquois leaders and colonists during a meeting Albany in 1677 in hopes of salvaging their fur trade and preventing future conflict 

tuscarora war

war launched by tuscarora indians from 1711 to 1715 against european settlers in north carolina and their allies from the yamasee,Catawba, and Cherokee nations. The tuscaroras lost their lands when they signed the peace treaty and many then joined the Iroquois confederacy to the north  

yamasee war

a pan-american indian war from 1715 to 1717 led by the Yamasee who intended but failed to oust the british from south carolina

queen anne’s war

1702-1712 war over control of spain and its colonies; also known as the war of the Spanish succession. Although the treaty of Utrecht that ended the war in 1713 was intended to bring peace by establishing a balance of power, imperial conflict continued to escalate

treaty of Utrecht

1713 treaty that ended Queen Anne’s war it aimed to achieve peace by balancing the interests of European powers and their colonial possessions

king george’s war

1739-1748 war between france, spain, and england fought in north america

enlightenment

european cultural movement spanning the late 17th century to the end of the 18th century emphasizing rational and scientific thinking over traditional religion and superstition

original sin

christians belief that all humans are born into sin because of the biblical sin of adam eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge in the garden of eden

new light clergy

colonial clergy who called for religious revivals and emphasized the emotional aspects of spiritual commitment. The new lights were leaders in the great awakening 

pietist

german protestants who criticized the power established churches and urged individuals to their hearts rather than their heads in spiritual matters. Pietism had a profound influence on the leaders of the great awakening 

methodism

a form of protestantism based on pietist ideas, founded by englishman john wesley

great awkening

series of religious revivals in colonial America that began in 1720 and lasted to about 1750

impressment

the forced enlistment of civilians into the army or navy. The impressment of residents of colonial seaports into the british navy was a major source of complaint in the 18th century

seditious

behavior or language aimed at starting a rebellion against a government

libel

 a face written statement designed to damage the reputation of its subject

old light clergy

 colonial clergy from established churches who supported the religious status quo in the early eighteenth century