Reform Movements

21st Amendment

Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933 by ending prohibition (Remember with: you need to be 21 to Drink)

Fugitive Slave Act

Required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners

Underground Railroad

A group of secret houses and routes that helped African-American slaves to escape to free states.

Slave codes

laws enacted by southern states that defined enslaved people as legal property and placed restrictions on movement, education, and rights

Frederick Douglass

African-American abolitionist and noted orator who escaped from slavery

Sarah Grimke

Argued for equal educational opportunities and equal pay for women.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

Created at the Seneca Falls Convention, detailed social injustices toward women and resolutions to fight for, including the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women's rights advocate; created the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments with Lucretia Mott.

American Federation of Labor

Founded by several unions of skilled workers in 1886 who came together to negotiate wages, hours, and working conditions.

Temperance

A movement that began in the 1840's, dedicated to promoting moderation and even abstinence in the consumption of alcohol.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

18th Amendment

Ratified in 1917 and established the prohibition of alcohol. (Remember with: you can't drink at 18) Was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

Fair Labor Standards Act

(1938) placed legal limits on hazardous and harmful labor conditions in workplaces

Labor Movement

Began because of a need to protect workers.

Harriet Tubman

Born a slave and escaped to freedom in 1849. Helped free other slaves through the underground railroad.

17th Amendment

Allows the direct election of senators by the citizens of the state

Harper's Ferry

Location of a United States weapon arsenal in Virginia raided by abolitionist John Brown and his followers.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Regulated business practices.

William Lloyd Garrison

Publisher of The Liberator and founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Wagner Act

Guaranteed the basic rights of workers to organize into unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike if necessary; also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935.

19th Amendment

Ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote (known as women's suffrage).

Women's Suffrage

The right of women to vote in political elections.

Progressive Movement

A middle-class movement to correct changes in a system that had been corrupted by an abuse of power by the wealthy.

Suffrage / Franchise

The right to vote in political elections.

John Brown

Most controversial abolitionist; led a group on a raid of a weapons arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia

Sojourner Truth

A former slave who argued for abolition of slavery and women's rights.

Theodore Roosevelt / Teddy Roosevelt

26th President of the United States; known for his leadership in the Progressive Movement

Progressivism

A political movement in the early 1900s focusing on social change or an increase in the power of the US federal government

Matilda Joslyn Gage

Co-founder, along with Anthony and Stanton, of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent confrontations in Kansas; occurred when Congress divided Kansas and allowed each to choose whether or not it would allow slavery

Progressive Era

The rapid economic expansion of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to an increase in the difference between the haves and the have-nots, as well as the growth of oligopolies and monopolies

Abolitionists

People who believed slavery was wrong and immoral

Susan B. Anthony

Advocated for women's rights, specifically suffrage and property rights.Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Passed in 1854; allowed each territory to choose whether it would allow slavery or not.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that all powers of government ultimately rest in the people

Lucy Stone

Gifted speaker; a spokesperson for the women's rights movement and the Anti-Slavery society.

Sarah G. Bagley

Founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844.

Haymarket Square

the location of a violent labor conflict in Chicago

Railway Labor Act

A federal law passed in 1926 which didn't allow railroad or airline industries to strike, but allowed bargaining, arbitration, and mediation.

Second Industrial Revolution

the unprecedented increase in economic productivity during the late 1800s. Included large leaps forward in technology with expansion of use of electricity, petroleum, and steel.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike organized in 1894 by workers of the Pullman company to protest their treatment.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed the horrors of slavery.

National Labor Union

Created in 1866, its goal was to improve working conditions through legislative reform instead of through negotiations between workers and employers.Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production; began in Great Britain in the mid-1700's

The Liberator

A newspaper dedicated to the abolition of slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

Held in New York in 1848, this convention is seen as the first organized step in the women’s suffrage movement

Labor Unions

organized associations of workers formed to collectively negotiate with employers for better wages, benefits, and working conditions, as well as to advocate for the rights and interests of their members

Women's Rights Movement

Focused on women's right to vote, own property, retain their earnings, and participate in labor organizations.

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

Main goals were to establish a ten-hour workday and influence the state legislature of Massachusetts to investigate working conditions in factories.

Abby Kelley Foster

Feminist, abolitionist, and speaker. Worked with abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and was a spokesperson for the Anti-Slavery society and the women's rights movement.

National Park system

President Theodore Roosevelt doubled the size of the National Park system. He also passed legislation allowing himself and future presidents to declare sites and structures as historical landmarks that would then be owned and protected by the federal government.

Jane Addams

Created settlement houses in Chicago to serve poor urban immigrant communities.

Prohibition

nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933

Nat Turner's Rebellion

violent enslaved people's uprising in Virginia during the 1830s

The Jungle

Novel by Upton Sinclair; exposed horrors of meatpacking industry; prompted federal regulation of food.

Tenement Housing

small, low-quality apartments built to house workers and immigrants in New York City and other large cities; lacked amenities or enough space for the large families who occupied the units;

Example

wealthy female activists advocated for better living conditions for immigrants as a labor and child welfare issue

16th Amendment

Allows the government to collect taxes on income

Lucretia Mott

Women's rights advocate; created the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Labor Day

A federal holiday passed by Congress in 1894 to celebrate the labor movement and American workers.

Knights of Labor

First major labor organization; organized both skilled and unskilled workers; wanted to form a cooperative society in which the laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

Taft-Hartley Act

Restricted many powers and activities of labor unions; also called the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947.