Radiation and Hydrostatic/Atmosphereic PRESSURE

_____ can use visible light rays as energy souce

phototrophs

________ are microorganisms that thrive under high hydrostatic pressure (Deep sea)

Barophiles

________ organisms live in close nutritional relationships required by one or both members

symbiotic

Both members benefit

mutualism

one partner benefits; other member not harmed

Commensalism

Parasite is DEPENDENT and benefits; host harmed

Parasitism

_______ organisms are free-living; relationships NOT required for survival

nonsymbiotic

members cooperate and share nutrients

synergism

some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

antagonism

the production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics - a form of antagonism.

Antibiosis

______ is also common in the human gut, where the establishment of one species or another depends on the availability of nutrients, which depends on what other microbes are already there.

Antagonism

Gum disease, dental caries, and some bloodstream infections involve mixed infections by bacteria interac

_______ are communities of bacteria and/or other microbes that are attached to a surface and to each other, forming a multilayer conglomerate of cells and intercellular material

Biofilms

Microbes are benefited from the biofilm because it gives them ______

protection

The ability of bacteria to regulate their gene expression in response to sensing bacterial density

quorum sensing

Quorum sensing allows the bacterial to monitor the _______ of their ownn population

size

Bacteria can also use quorum sensing to ______ with other members of the same species, as well as members of other species that are close by

interact

Pioneer Bacteria colonize a surface

Step one

Pioneer secrete extracellular material that helps keep them on the surface and serves as attachment point for later colonizers. Quorum sensing chemicals are released.

Step 2

In many biofilms, other species join and may contribute to the extracellular matrix and/or participate in quorum sensing with their own chemicals or the ones released by other species.

Step 3

Biofilms serve as a constant source of bacteria that can “escape” and become free-living again

Step 4

When artificial joints like hips, knees, and larynxes or bone become infected it may lead to biofilm formation. In those cases antibiotic treatment is not enough. How must these be treated?

Artificial material exposed with SURGERY

Biofilm PHYSICALLY REMOVED

Joint/part replaced

Antibiotics to clean up remaining bacteria in wound/blood