Descriptive Chem & Ligands

Scandium Family

Common Ox states = 0 & +3

* Some similar chem to Mg
* No d electrons in ions: colorless & diamagnetic

Titanium Family

Common ox states = 0, +4

* similar chem to C, Si
* Structurally strong, light weight metal
* Bicycle frames, airplanes
* TiO2 very white: brightener in paint & paper (think “Titanium white”)

Vanadium Family

Vanadium ox states = 0, +5

* Used in alloys to strengthen material & is TOXIC

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Niobium (Nb) & Tantalum (Ta)

* Greek myth daughter & father
* Nb material of interest for superconductors

Chromium Family

Chromium common ox: 0, +3, +4, +6

* First fam with multiple ox states found in nature
* Name derived from Greek word for color {chroma}
* TOXIC

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Molybdenum (Mo) & Tungsten (W)

* Biologically important (enzymes & pigments)
* W = high melting point
* Light bulb filaments & heat lamps

Manganese Family

Manganese common ox: +2, +3, +4, +6, +7

* Not found in nature as pure metal (usually in ore)
* Catalyst in alkaline batteries (steel, cofactors to enzymes)
* Permanganates (Mn with alkali or earths) = strong oxidizing agents

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Technetium (Tc)

* Lightest radioactive (beta emitter)
* Only man made!
* Discovered 1937

Iron Family

Iron common ox states: +2 & +3 (+2 to +6 is possible)

* Most important element for modern civ
* Major component of steel (C, Mn, others)
* Most common element on earth by mass
* Biological importance for oxygen transport in vertebrates, redox enzymes in plants & animals

Cobalt Family

Cobalt (Co) common ox: +2 & +3 (blue color for glass; dyes)

* rare to find pure; mostly common in ores (with toxic and smelly byproducts)
* “Goblin”ore

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Rhodium (Rh)

* Hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert
* Super rare
* Excellent for plating jewelry

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Iridium (Ir)

* Rare, most comes from outer space
* Use Ir tracer to develop/support theories about asteroids hitting earth

Nickel Family

Nickel (Ni) common ox: +2

* stable, less reactive metals
* good catalysts

Coins, batteries, corrosion prevention

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Pt

* Rare
* unreactive
* corrosion resistant
* inert electrodes, jewelry, anti-cancer drugs (Nikhi note: cis-platin for chemo…think of ovarian cancer seminar & the chemo options Chien went over)

Copper Family

Copper common ox: +1, +2

* Excellent conductor of electricity
* Durable
* Alloys (Cu/Sn = Bronze (we love getting third); Cu/Zn = Brass (like the knuckles woo))

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Ag (the one that wasn’t as excessively mined here)

* highest thermal conductivity
* electrical conductivity
* reflectivity
* More abundant than gold…(what a scandal??)
* tarnishes from contact with sulfur (instant annihilation by the stinkiest element)

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Au (My precious…)

* Unreactive (even to acids…imagine being that chill)
* most malleable metal (flexible af)
* Jewelry (all the Indians wya), currency

Zinc Family

Zinc common ox: +2

* corrosion resistant AND toxic (wow it can’t be killed and it kills)
* similar chemistry to Mg

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Cadmium common ox: +2

* used in batteries
* TOXIC (consume batteries at your own risk)

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Mercury

* Liquid at room temp (built different)
* Toxic (based on dose…#mercurypoisoning)
* Application in dental fillings (Ag/Hg/amalgam)

H2O

aqua

NH3

ammine

CO

carbonyl

CH3NH2

methylamine

NO

nitrosyl

C5H5N

pyridine

F-

fluoro

Cl-

chloro

Br-

bromo

I-

iodo

O2-

oxo

OH-

hydroxo

CN-

cyano

SO4 (2-)

sulfato

S2O3 (2-)

thiosulfato

NO2-

nitrito-N- (nitro)

ONO-

nitrito-O- (nitrito)

SCN-

thiocyantato-S- (thiocyanato) (monodentate; linkage isomerism)

NCS-

thiocyanato-N- (isothiocyanato) (monodentate; linkage isomerism)

C2O4 (2-)

oxalato (bidentate)

EDTA (C10H16N2O8) (4-…because of the 4 OH- bonding sites)

ethylenediaminetetraacetato (hexadentate)

Group I (Alkali Metals)

* Common O.S. = 1
* Highly reactive; valence electron = easily given up
* Water + these things = vigorous rxn (produce H2 gas)
* Reacts with oxygen → oxides(-2), peroxides(-1), superoxides (-1/2)

Hydrogen (because it’s a separate cool kid like that)

* Lightest element, escapes from earth’s gravity (WOW we’re all doomed…)
* Small, low IMFs (liquifies at 20 K)
* Rocket Fuel application
* Non-metal
* Location is a little sus

Alkaline Earth Metals

* Common O.S. = +2
* Low densities
* Low MP (melting point) & BP (boiling point)
* Low solubility
* Forms basic oxides

Beryllium

* Alkaline Earth metal (description of gen category applies)
* smaller, harder
* higher melting point (compared to rest of group)
* Higher IE (compared to rest of group)
* More covalent bonding
* Less reactive than family members
* Amphoteric oxide (acidic or basic…{amph} = both)

Magnesium + Calcium

* Biologically Important
* Did someone say Bones? (Got milk???)
* Lower solubility…hard water

Barium

* Toxic (barium…is bar-red)
* Absorbs X-rays
* Not all that soluble in low concentrations
* Useful in gastromedicine (yay intestines)

Radium

* Radioactive (WOW who would've guessed?)
* Nuclear chem connection → unstable, heavy nucleus

Group 13

* Common O.S. = +1, +3
* Soft metals
* Somewhat reactive metals

Aluminum Oxide

* basis for various gems (the transition metals determine color)

Boron

* not a metal
* supports 6 valence electrons (remember exceptions CHE 2A)
* forms dimers
* chemistry similar to Si

Gallium

* higher density liquid
* low melting point (will melt in hand)

Group 14

* Common O.S. = +2, +4 (and -4 for the first two metals in this group)
* Can form 4 covalent bonds to non-metals

Carbon

* Forms pi bonds
* Basis for life (*scary*)
* Allotropes: diamond, graphite, fullerenes

Silicon

* Bonds with oxygen are stronger than bonds between two of these molecules
* Basis for geological world (*wow Earth*)

Germanium

* Rare
* Semiconductors

Tin

* Soft metal
* silvery color
* Allotropes: white, grey, brittle (dependent on temperature)

Lead

* Soft (therefore, we can write with it)
* Toxic (we’ve all heard of this kind of poisoning with Maggi)
* Low Melting Point

Group 15

* Multiple common O.S.

Nitrogen

* Stable or highly reactive (…moody teenager…)
* Forms pi bonds
* Important for DNA
* ________ fixation process (from environment)
* Atmospheric reactions

Phosphorus

* Larger d-orbitals available for electrons
* bonding
* ATP/ADP
* Important component of fertilizer (recall BIS 2B limiting nutrients problems)
* Allotropes: white, red, violet, black

Arsenic

* Toxic
* Semi-metal

Bismuth

* Heavy
* Not all that toxic
* Can be lead substitute
* Own note: rainbow-ish

Inert Pair Effect

occurs when elements with many valence electrons do not lose all the electrons, but keep 2 VE in the valence s orbital

* Bi(3+), Sb (3+), Te (4+), Se (4+), Br (5+)
* occurs for heavier elements in the p-block
* another example is tin (Sn), which has O.S. +2 & +4

Group 16 (Chalcogens)

Common O.S. = 0, -1, -2 (most common in family)

Oxygen

* Found in two molecular forms
* one of the two forms is used for water treatment, is toxic, and found in upper atmosphere

Sulfur

* unpleasant smell (*which we’re all familiar with from lab*)
* used in chemical weapons (*+ more*)
* more than 30 solid allotropes

Polonium

* Radioactive
* Lethal
* Tobacco

Group 17: Halogens

* Common O.S. = -1
* Atomic form not found in nature
* High EN-
* Form polar covalent bonds
* With oxygen, they form oxyacids

Fluorine (*F in the chat*)

* Small
* Highest electronegativity
* Important for dental care
* Gives CFCs and PFAS stability (“*bulletproof” substances that refuse to perish*)

Astatine (At)

* Radioactive
* longest lived isotope lived 8.3 h 7

Group 18: Noble Gases

* Common O.S. = 0, but can be different
* Typically low reactivity
* Colorless, odorless, neutral
* Low melting point, low boiling point

Helium

* Forms no compounds
* Light!
* Escapes our atmosphere
* Scientists are concerned of a shortage (*experimental MVP*)

Neon

* No compounds
* Luminescent with current (*SHINY*)

Argon (aka air-gon)

* Major components of air
* Forms some compounds

Kr/Xe (+ Rn)

* Remember: many ways to kill superman
* many stable compounds possible with expanded octets

Radon

* Radioactive (*Wow, REALLY?*)