Descriptive Chem & Ligands

Scandium Family

Scandium Family

Common Ox states = 0 & +3

• Some similar chem to Mg

• No d electrons in ions: colorless & diamagnetic

Titanium Family

Common ox states = 0, +4

• similar chem to C, Si

• Structurally strong, light weight metal

  • Bicycle frames, airplanes

• TiO2 very white: brightener in paint & paper (think “Titanium white”)

Vanadium Family

Vanadium ox states = 0, +5

• Used in alloys to strengthen material & is TOXIC

Niobium (Nb) & Tantalum (Ta)

• Greek myth daughter & father

• Nb material of interest for superconductors

Chromium Family

Chromium common ox: 0, +3, +4, +6

• First fam with multiple ox states found in nature

• Name derived from Greek word for color {chroma}

• TOXIC

Molybdenum (Mo) & Tungsten (W)

• Biologically important (enzymes & pigments)

• W = high melting point

  • Light bulb filaments & heat lamps

Manganese Family

Manganese common ox: +2, +3, +4, +6, +7

• Not found in nature as pure metal (usually in ore)

• Catalyst in alkaline batteries (steel, cofactors to enzymes)

• Permanganates (Mn with alkali or earths) = strong oxidizing agents

Technetium (Tc)

• Lightest radioactive (beta emitter)

• Only man made!

• Discovered 1937

Iron Family

Iron common ox states: +2 & +3 (+2 to +6 is possible)

• Most important element for modern civ

  • Major component of steel (C, Mn, others)

• Most common element on earth by mass

• Biological importance for oxygen transport in vertebrates, redox enzymes in plants & animals

Cobalt Family

Cobalt (Co) common ox: +2 & +3 (blue color for glass; dyes)

• rare to find pure; mostly common in ores (with toxic and smelly byproducts)

  • “Goblin”ore

Rhodium (Rh)

• Hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert

• Super rare

• Excellent for plating jewelry

Iridium (Ir)

• Rare, most comes from outer space

• Use Ir tracer to develop/support theories about asteroids hitting earth

Nickel Family

Nickel (Ni) common ox: +2

• stable, less reactive metals

• good catalysts

Coins, batteries, corrosion prevention

Pt

• Rare

• unreactive

• corrosion resistant

• inert electrodes, jewelry, anti-cancer drugs (Nikhi note: cis-platin for chemo…think of ovarian cancer seminar & the chemo options Chien went over)

Copper Family

Copper common ox: +1, +2

• Excellent conductor of electricity

• Durable

• Alloys (Cu/Sn = Bronze (we love getting third); Cu/Zn = Brass (like the knuckles woo))

Ag (the one that wasn’t as excessively mined here)

• highest thermal conductivity

• electrical conductivity

• reflectivity

• More abundant than gold…(what a scandal??)

• tarnishes from contact with sulfur (instant annihilation by the stinkiest element)

Au (My precious…)

• Unreactive (even to acids…imagine being that chill)

• most malleable metal (flexible af)

• Jewelry (all the Indians wya), currency

Zinc Family

Zinc common ox: +2

• corrosion resistant AND toxic (wow it can’t be killed and it kills)

• similar chemistry to Mg

Cadmium common ox: +2

• used in batteries

• TOXIC (consume batteries at your own risk)

Mercury

• Liquid at room temp (built different)

• Toxic (based on dose…#mercurypoisoning)

• Application in dental fillings (Ag/Hg/amalgam)

H2O

aqua

NH3

ammine

CO

carbonyl

CH3NH2

methylamine

NO

nitrosyl

C5H5N

pyridine

F-

fluoro

Cl-

chloro

Br-

bromo

I-

iodo

O2-

oxo

OH-

hydroxo

CN-

cyano

SO4 (2-)

sulfato

S2O3 (2-)

thiosulfato

NO2-

nitrito-N- (nitro)

ONO-

nitrito-O- (nitrito)

SCN-

thiocyantato-S- (thiocyanato) (monodentate; linkage isomerism)

NCS-

thiocyanato-N- (isothiocyanato) (monodentate; linkage isomerism)

C2O4 (2-)

oxalato (bidentate)

EDTA (C10H16N2O8) (4-…because of the 4 OH- bonding sites)

ethylenediaminetetraacetato (hexadentate)

Group I (Alkali Metals)

• Common O.S. = 1

• Highly reactive; valence electron = easily given up

  • Water + these things = vigorous rxn (produce H2 gas)

• Reacts with oxygen → oxides(-2), peroxides(-1), superoxides (-1/2)

Hydrogen (because it’s a separate cool kid like that)

• Lightest element, escapes from earth’s gravity (WOW we’re all doomed…)

• Small, low IMFs (liquifies at 20 K)

• Rocket Fuel application

• Non-metal

• Location is a little sus

Alkaline Earth Metals

• Common O.S. = +2

• Low densities

• Low MP (melting point) & BP (boiling point)

• Low solubility

• Forms basic oxides

Beryllium

• Alkaline Earth metal (description of gen category applies)

• smaller, harder

• higher melting point (compared to rest of group)

• Higher IE (compared to rest of group)

• More covalent bonding

• Less reactive than family members

• Amphoteric oxide (acidic or basic…{amph} = both)

Magnesium + Calcium

• Biologically Important

  • Did someone say Bones? (Got milk???)

• Lower solubility…hard water

Barium

• Toxic (barium…is bar-red)

• Absorbs X-rays

• Not all that soluble in low concentrations

• Useful in gastromedicine (yay intestines)

Radium

• Radioactive (WOW who would've guessed?)

  • Nuclear chem connection → unstable, heavy nucleus

Group 13

• Common O.S. = +1, +3

• Soft metals

• Somewhat reactive metals

Aluminum Oxide

• basis for various gems (the transition metals determine color)

Boron

• not a metal

• supports 6 valence electrons (remember exceptions CHE 2A)

• forms dimers

• chemistry similar to Si

Gallium

• higher density liquid

• low melting point (will melt in hand)

Group 14

• Common O.S. = +2, +4 (and -4 for the first two metals in this group)

• Can form 4 covalent bonds to non-metals

Carbon

• Forms pi bonds

• Basis for life (scary)

• Allotropes: diamond, graphite, fullerenes

Silicon

• Bonds with oxygen are stronger than bonds between two of these molecules

• Basis for geological world (wow Earth)

Germanium

• Rare

• Semiconductors

Tin

• Soft metal

• silvery color

• Allotropes: white, grey, brittle (dependent on temperature)

Lead

• Soft (therefore, we can write with it)

• Toxic (we’ve all heard of this kind of poisoning with Maggi)

• Low Melting Point

Group 15

• Multiple common O.S.

Nitrogen

• Stable or highly reactive (…moody teenager…)

• Forms pi bonds

• Important for DNA

• ________ fixation process (from environment)

• Atmospheric reactions

Phosphorus

• Larger d-orbitals available for electrons

• bonding

• ATP/ADP

• Important component of fertilizer (recall BIS 2B limiting nutrients problems)

• Allotropes: white, red, violet, black

Arsenic

• Toxic

• Semi-metal

Bismuth

• Heavy

• Not all that toxic

• Can be lead substitute

  • Own note: rainbow-ish

Inert Pair Effect

occurs when elements with many valence electrons do not lose all the electrons, but keep 2 VE in the valence s orbital

• Bi(3+), Sb (3+), Te (4+), Se (4+), Br (5+)

• occurs for heavier elements in the p-block

  • another example is tin (Sn), which has O.S. +2 & +4

Group 16 (Chalcogens)

Common O.S. = 0, -1, -2 (most common in family)

Oxygen

• Found in two molecular forms

  • one of the two forms is used for water treatment, is toxic, and found in upper atmosphere

Sulfur

• unpleasant smell (which we’re all familiar with from lab)

• used in chemical weapons (+ more)

• more than 30 solid allotropes

Polonium

• Radioactive

• Lethal

• Tobacco

Group 17: Halogens

• Common O.S. = -1

• Atomic form not found in nature

• High EN-

• Form polar covalent bonds

• With oxygen, they form oxyacids

Fluorine (F in the chat)

• Small

• Highest electronegativity

• Important for dental care

• Gives CFCs and PFAS stability (“bulletproof” substances that refuse to perish)

Astatine (At)

• Radioactive

• longest lived isotope lived 8.3 h 7

Group 18: Noble Gases

• Common O.S. = 0, but can be different

• Typically low reactivity

• Colorless, odorless, neutral

• Low melting point, low boiling point

Helium

• Forms no compounds

• Light!

• Escapes our atmosphere

• Scientists are concerned of a shortage (experimental MVP)

Neon

• No compounds

• Luminescent with current (SHINY)

Argon (aka air-gon)

• Major components of air

• Forms some compounds

Kr/Xe (+ Rn)

• Remember: many ways to kill superman

• many stable compounds possible with expanded octets

Radon

• Radioactive (Wow, REALLY?)