AP Euro Unit 5 - Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

These flashcards cover key concepts, figures, and contributions from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment based on lecture notes.

What key contextual factors led to the Scientific Revolution?

The Italian Renaissance and Age of Exploration contributed to increased lay education, patronage of art, and the need for better navigation.

What did the Ptolemaic model state about the universe?

It stated that all motion in the heavens is uniform and circular, the Earth is at the center, and heavenly objects are made from perfect, unchanging materials.

Who challenged the Ptolemaic model and wrote 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'?

Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic model with a heliocentric model in 1543.

What are Kepler's three laws of planetary motion?

1. Planets move in elliptical orbits. 2. Planets do not move at uniform speeds. 3. The time to orbit is related to the distance from the sun.

What was Galileo's contribution to the scientific method?

He promoted the experimental method and used inductive reasoning to establish proof through experimentation.

What was Newton's major contribution to physics?

He formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation and outlined three laws of motion.

What philosophical approach did Francis Bacon advocate?

He emphasized empiricism, advocating that observation and experience are the best sources of knowledge.

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on women?

Women were generally excluded from institutions but made notable contributions, often without credit.

Who was Maria Winkelmann, and what was her achievement?

She was an astronomer who discovered a comet but was excluded from the Berlin Academy.

What discovery did William Harvey make?

He discovered the circulatory system.

What ancient ideas did the Scientific Revolution challenge?

Galen's ideas about the four humors were challenged.

What were some effects of the Scientific Revolution?

Establishment of scientific communities, development of the modern scientific method, promotion of reason which questioned authority.

What does Deism believe regarding science and religion?

Deism believes that both can coexist, relying on human reason to create natural laws.

What is Pascal's Wager?

It argues that believing in God is a safer bet than not believing.

What type of government did Hobbes advocate for?

Hobbes advocated for absolutism.

What did Montesquieu argue regarding governments?

He argued for a constitutional monarchy with checks and balances.

What was Rousseau's view on human nature and government?

He believed people are born good and should have a democracy.

How did Voltaire view organized religion?

He opposed organized religion and advocated for rational thinking and religious toleration.

What significant reforms did Frederick the Great implement?

He promoted merit-based advancement, religious toleration, abolished torture, and favored education.

What reforms did Joseph II of Austria attempt?

He attempted economic and agrarian reforms and offered some religious toleration.

What characterized Enlightened Absolutism?

It involved absolute monarchs implementing reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for women's rights?

She argued for women to have access to the same educational opportunities as men.

What system did Copernicus develop?

The heliocentric system.

What consequence did Galileo face due to his beliefs?

He was tried by the Inquisition.

Which philosopher had a negative view of human nature during the English Civil War?

Hobbes.

What are the natural rights according to John Locke?

Life, liberty, and property.

What is the title of Rousseau's work regarding the social contract?

The Social Contract.

Which country was at the center of most Enlightenment thought?

France.

Who translated Newton's Principia into French?

Emilie du Chatelet.

What did Adam Smith write about in 1776?

The 'invisible hand' and law of self-interest.

Which ruler took the throne after the Austrian War of Succession?

Maria Theresa.

What did Cesare Beccaria advocate in his book?

Prison reform.

Which country did Frederick the Great attack for Silesia?

Austria.

Who claimed it was a miracle that people believe in miracles?

David Hume.

Which ruler expanded access to ports by gaining Crimea?

Catherine the Great.

What three countries partitioned Poland?

Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

What did Voltaire mean by 'crush the infamous thing'?

The Catholic Church/Organized Religion.

What does deism perceive God as?

A divine watchmaker.

What was the belief about the sun being at the center of the universe before 1500?

It was false.

Did censorship end by the 17th century?

False.

Was early marriage by age 20 common in the 17th & 18th centuries?

False.

Who wrote about the nature of thinking in 1637?

Descartes.

Who stated they had to abandon the false opinion that the sun was the center of the world?

Galileo.

Who is suggested to be the principal servant of the State?

The sovereign.

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and reevaluation of traditional institutions.

Who were the philosophes?

Leading intellectuals of the Enlightenment who applied reason to all aspects of life and society.

What is John Locke's theory of tabula rasa?

The theory that individuals are born as a 'blank slate' gaining knowledge through experience.

What were foundling hospitals built for?

To house and care for orphans.

How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment?

It demonstrated that the universe was governed by natural laws discoverable through reason.

What was the role of salons during the Enlightenment?

They facilitated the exchange and dissemination of Enlightenment ideas among intellectuals.

What was 'the woman question' in the Enlightenment?

Debate surrounding women's intellectual capabilities, education, and societal roles.

What significant work did Mary Wollstonecraft produce?

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing for women's access to education.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread beyond salons?

Through printed materials, coffeehouses, academies, and extensive correspondence networks.

What arguments did proponents of an agricultural revolution make?

Innovations in crops, techniques, and technological advancements leading to increased productivity.

What characterized the balance of power in 18th-century Europe?

It aimed to prevent any single state from dominating others.

What was the role of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes in scientific inquiry?

They promoted the use of deductive and inductive reasoning, leading to the scientific method.

What did Galileo Galilei contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

He made significant astronomical observations using the telescope, challenging the Ptolemaic system.

How did the Scientific Revolution challenge medieval beliefs?

It questioned traditional religious views, leading to a more secular perspective.