The Art of Public Speaking

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

visualization

"Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation."

interference

"Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners."

adrenaline

"A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress."

Goal when giving a speech?

For your intended message to be received

Seven elements come into play when public speaking

Speaker

Message

Channel-the forum/ televised, face to face, radio

Listener-audience

Feedback-how people feel/react

Interference-cell phone, hunger,

Situation

Your message requires WORK, name some things you must do to have a good message.

*narrow your topic

*do your research

*support your statements

*be organized so listeners can follow

*use words that are accurate, clear, vivid, and appropriate

your non verbal message includes what?

Tone of voice

Appearance

Gestures

Facial expression

Eye contact

Name 2 types of public speaking interference?

Internal

External

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

plagarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

global plagarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

incremental plagarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Five Guidelines for Ethical Speechmaking

1. Make Sure Your Goals are Ethically Sound

2. Be Fully Prepared for each Speech

3. Be Honest in What You Say

4. Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language

5. Put Ethical Principles in Practice

Three Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be Courteous and Attentive

2. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker

3. Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas

Hearing

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Listening

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Ex: music

empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

Ex: empathy, putting yourself in someone else's shoes, healthcare (listening to a patient)

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

Ex: classroom setting

Critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Ex: politics (listening to evaluate)

Spare "brain time"

With all the spare time we are tempted to let other thoughts interrupt while listening

Listening too hard

Try to remember every details and end up missing the main point

Jumping to conclusions

Putting words in a speakers mouth

Ways we jump to Conclusions

1) Being close with the speaker and thinking you'll know what there going to say

2) Prematurely rejecting a speakers ideas as boring or misguided

Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

Sometimes we judge people by the way they look or speak and don't listen to what they say

4 reasons of being a bad listener

1) not concentrating

2) listening to hard

3) Jumping to conclusions

4) focusing on delivery and appearence

How to become a better listener

1) Take listening seriously

2) Be an active listener

3) Resist distractions

4) Don't be diverted by delivery or appearance

5) Suspend Judgement

6) Focus your listening

-listen for main points

-listen for evidence

-listen for technique

7) Develop note taking skills

Active listening

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

Listen for main points

Most speeches contain 2 to 4 main points

Listen for evidence

Identifying a speaker's main points, however, is not enough. You must also listen for supporting evidence.

There are four basic questions to ask about a speaker's evidence

Is it accurate?

Is it taken from objective sources?

Is it relevant to the speaker's claims?

Is it sufficient to support the speaker's point?

Listen for technique

Analyze the introduction, speakers language

key-word outline

An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

Topic

The subject of a speech. The first step.

2 Categories of topics

1: Subject you know a lot about.

2: Subject you want to know more about.

Brainstorming

A method of coming up with ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

General Purpose

The broad goal of speech.

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech.

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. What you expect to say.

Residual message

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

What 3 brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

1. Personal Inventory

2. Clustering

3. Internet Search

What are 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ from each other?

1. To inform (you act as a teacher/lecturer)

2. To persuade (you act as a advocate/ partisan)

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech prep? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

A specific purpose allows you to focus in on one sub-topic to worry about. It helps by relating to your audience to capture their attention.

What are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment.

2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question.

3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement.

4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.

What are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment?

2. Can I Accomplish my purpose in the time given?

3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

specific purpose Vs. central idea???

the central idea sharpens the specific purpose and is not the same thing.

What are the 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?

1. Full sentence

2. Not a question

3. Avoid figurative language

4. Not be vague or overly general

Catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Call Number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Reference Work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Newspaper and Periodical Database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

Abstract

. A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

Virtual Library

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Sponsoring Organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

Research Interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Preliminary Bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Why is the Preliminary Bib helpful when researching a speech?

Since you usually gather 15 to 20 works, you will find it easy to pic and choose the top 7 or 8 to use.

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience when gathering material for your speeches?

We speak best about subjects with which we are familiar. Supplementing speeches with personal touch can really bring the speech to life.

What are 5 resources for finding what you need in a library?

1. Librarians

2. The Catalogue

3. Reference Works

4. Newspapers and Periodical Databases

5. Academic Databases

What are the 3 criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

1. Authorship

2. Sponsorship

3. Recency

What are the 3 stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

1. Before the interview

-Figure out your purpose

-Decide who to interview

-Arrange the interview

-Decide to record the interview

-Prepare questions

2. During the interview

-Dress appropriately and be on time

-Repeat the purpose on the interview

-Set up the recorder, if used

-Keep the interview on track

-Listen carefully

-Don't overstay your welcome

3. After the interview

-Review your notes ASAP

-Transcribe your notes

Why is it important to start your speech research early?

1. Ensures time to find resources.

2. Gives time to think about what you find.

3. More time you have more all pieces fit.

What 4 things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. Take plenty of notes

2. Record notes in a consistant format

3. Make a separate entry for each note

4. Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases and your own ideas

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speakers ideas

examples, statistics, and testimony

the three major kinds of supporting materials

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

statistics

numerical data

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

paraphrase

to restate or summarize a sources ideas in ones own words

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern