chapter14 15 combined

Atrophy

The wasting away or diminished volume of tissue, an organ, or a body part.

Contract

To draw together or shorten.

Fascia

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue; Latin meaning a band.

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers; Latin meaning a small bundle.

Hypertrophy

Increase in size, but not in number, of an individual tissue element.

Insert

The insertion of a muscle is the attachment of muscle to a more moveable part of the skeleton, as distinct from the origin; Latin meaning to join.

Insertion

The action of insertion of a muscle.

Origin

Fixed source of a muscle at its attachment to bone; Latin meaning source.

Peristalsis

Waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of the alimentary canal wall to move food along the digestive tract.

Striated muscle

Another term for skeletal muscle; Latin meaning stripe.

Striation

Stripes.

Tone

Tension present in resting muscles.

Voluntary muscle

Another term for skeletal muscle; it is under the control of will.

Infraspinatus

Pertaining to beneath the spine (of the scapula).

Rotator cuff

Part of the capsule of the shoulder joint; Old English for Cuff.

Subscapularis

Pertaining to below the scapula.

Supraspinatus

Pertaining to above the spine (of the scapula).

Teres major

One of the muscles that make up the rotator cuff; Latin meaning long, round, and large.

Biceps brachii

A muscle of the arm that has two heads or points of origin on the scapula.

Brachialis

Muscle that lies underneath the biceps and is the flexor of the forearm.

Brachioradialis

Muscle that helps flex the forearm.

Deltoid

Large, fan-shaped muscle connecting the scapula and clavicle to the humerus.

Dorsum

The back of any part of the body, including the hand; Latin meaning back.

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back of any part of the body.

Latissimus dorsi

The widest (broadest) muscle in the back.

Retinaculum

Fibrous ligament that keeps the tendons in place on the wrist so that they do not ‘bowstring’ when the forearm muscles contract.

Thenar eminence

The fleshy mass at the base of the thumb; Eminence Latin meaning to stand out.

Hypothenar eminence

The fleshy mass at the base of the little finger.

Triceps Brachii

Muscle of the arm that has three heads or points of origin.

Adductor

Muscle that moves the thigh toward the midline.

Adduction

Action of moving toward the midline.

Calcaneus

The heel bone; Latin meaning the heel.

Calcaneal tendon

Also called Achilles tendon, it is the tendon of the heel formed from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and inserted into the calcaneus.

Gastrocnemius

Major muscle in back of the lower leg (the calf).

Gluteus

Refers to one of the three muscles in the buttocks; Greek for buttocks.

Gluteal

Pertaining to the buttocks.

Maximus

The gluteus maximus muscle is the largest muscle in the body, covering a large part of each buttock; Latin for biggest.

Medius

The gluteus medius muscle is partly covered by the gluteus maximus; Latin for middle.

Minimus

The gluteus minimus is the smallest of the gluteus muscles and lies under the gluteus medius; Latin for smallest.

Popliteal fossa

The hollow at the back of the knee.

Quadriceps femoris

An anterior thigh muscle with four heads (origins).

Cyst

An abnormal fluid-filled sac; Greek for fluid-filled sac.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A condition with symmetrical weakness and wasting of the pelvic, shoulder, and proximal limb muscles.

Fibromyalgia

Pain in the muscle fibers.

Ganglion

Fluid containing swelling attached to the synovial sheath of a tendon; Greek meaning swelling.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical agent that relays messages from one nerve cell to the next.

Rhabdomyolysis

Destruction of muscle to produce myoglobin.

Stenosis

Narrowing of a passage.

Strain

Overstretch or tear in a muscle or tendon; Latin meaning to bind.

Sprain

A stretching or tearing of ligaments; Old English meaning to tear.

Tendon

Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone; Latin meaning sinew.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon.

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath.

Antibody

Protein produced in response to an antigen.

Biopsy

Removal of tissue from a living person for laboratory examination.

Creatine kinase

Enzyme elevated in the plasma following heart muscle damage.

Electrode

A device for conducting electricity.

Electromyography

Recording of electrical activity in a muscle.

Enzyme

Protein that induces change in other substances.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

The speed at which red blood cells sink from drawn blood.

Inflammation

A basic complex of reactions in blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to injury or abnormal stimulation.

Ultrasonography

Delineation of deep structure using sound waves.

Anabolic steroid

Prescription drug used by some athletes to increase muscle mass.

Analgesia

State in which pain is reduced.

Analgesic

Agent that produces analgesia.

Antipyretic

Agent that reduces fever.

Cytokine

A hormone-like protein that regulates the intensity of an immune response.

Ingredient

An element in a mixture.

Metabolism

The constantly changing physical and chemical processes in the cell.

Metabolite

Any product of metabolism.

Ultrasound

Very high frequency sound waves.

Occupational therapy

Use of work and recreational activities to increase independent function.

Orthotic

Orthopedic appliance to correct an abnormality.

Orthotist

Specialist who makes and fits orthopedic appliances.

Physiatry

Physical medicine.

Physiatrist

Specialist in physical medicine.

Physical medicine

Diagnosis and treatment by means of remedial agents, such as exercises, manipulation, heat, etc.

Physical therapy

Use of remedial processes to overcome a physical defect.

Physiotherapy

Another term for physical therapy.

Rehabilitation

Therapeutic restoration of an ability to function as before.

Therapy

Systematic treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder.

Therapist

Professional trained in the practice of a particular therapy.

Therapeutic

Relating to the treatment of a disease or disorder.

Amputation

Removal of a limb, part of a limb, or other projecting body part.

Contracture

Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis.

Prevention

Process to prevent occurrence of a disease or health problem.

Prosthesis

An artificial part to remedy a defect in the body.

Rehabilitation

Therapy that promotes renewal of health and strength.

A-

Without.

Con-

With, together.

Hyper-

Excessive.

Peri-

Around.

Infra-

Below, beneath.

Sub-

Below.

Supra-

Above.

Bi-

Two.

Hypo-

Below, smaller.

Tri-

Three.

Ad-

Toward.

Quadri-

Four.