r.m 1

Research

is a process of gathering data to prove a claim, test existing hypotheses, and find answer and solutions.

Empirical Approach

seeing, trying, experiencing

Observation

watching carefully without changing anything

Question

curious thought

Hypothesis

educated guess

Experiment

planned test

Analysis

find patterns or answers

Conclusion

final answer

Establishment of Reliability of Findings

results are reliable

Discovery of New Knowledge

learn something new

Ascertainment of the Generalizability of Results

see if the results work for other people or groups

Description

to give important and clear information

Prediction

to help plan actions or decisions ahead of time

Understanding/ Explanation

to explain the reason behind an event or behavior

APIIE

purpose of research

Basic Research

theories and concepts (why?)

Applied Research

practical use (how to fix it?)

Evaluation Research

checking results (did it work)

Action Research

hands-on change (let’s fix it together right now!)

Identify Problem

find the gap

Review Literature

read and background check

Formulate Questions

ask the right questions

Choose Design

research blueprint

Collect Data

harvesting facts

Analyze Data

find the pattern

Interpret Findings

make sense of it

Report Results

publish and present

Social or scientific value

The research should address a worthwhile

question.

Scientific validity

The design must be capable of answering

the question

Respect for persons

Individuals should be treated as

autonomous agents

Informed consent

Participants should understand what

participation involves

Voluntary participation

Participation must be free from coercion or

inappropriate pressure.

Beneficence

Research should aim to produce benefit

Non-maleficence

Researchers should avoid or minimise

harm.

Justice

Benefits and burdens should be distributed

fairly

Privacy and confidentiality

People should retain appropriate control

over access to themselves and their

information

Independent review

People outside the immediate research

team should assess the protocol when

required.

Integrity and transparency

Researchers must describe methods and

findings honestly

Accountability

Researchers remain responsible for

foreseeable and emerging consequences.

Academic Integrity

means being honest,

responsible, and ethical when completing

academic work.

Plagiarism

is presenting another person's

words, ideas, images, or work as one's own

without proper acknowledgment

Intellectual Property Rights

refers to creations of

the mind such as books, articles, inventions,

artwork, music, and software.

Researchers must respect copyrights and

properly acknowledge original creators

In-Text Citations

APA Style uses the author's surname and publication year. Examples:

Parenthetical citation

what type of citation is this? Research ethics promotes responsible conduct (Resnik, 2020)

Narrative citation

what type of citation is this? Resnik (2020) explained that research ethics promotes responsible conduct.

Reference Lists

appears at the end of a research paper and contains complete publication information for every source cited in the text.