Human Body Systems Flashcards

Flashcards for review based on lecture notes.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Ventral

Toward the belly side.

Dorsal

Toward the back side.

Superior

Above or higher.

Inferior

Below or lower.

Superficial

Near the surface.

Deep

Away from the surface; internal.

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body.

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Cranial

Toward the head.

Caudal

Toward the tail.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Antecubital

Front of elbow.

Femoral

Thigh area.

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right parts.

Major Bones of Leg

Tibia, Fibula, Femur.

Divisions of the Skeleton

Axial and Appendicular.

Location of Blood Cell Production in Bones

Red bone marrow inside spongy bone.

Types of Bone (Examples)

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Examples of Long Bones

Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Examples of Short Bones

Carpals and tarsals.

Examples of Flat Bones

Skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula.

Examples of Irregular Bones

Vertebrae and some facial bones.

Examples of Sesamoid Bones

Patella (kneecap).

Synovial Fluid

Synovial fluid reduces friction between articular cartilage during movement.

Hormone That Increases Osteoclast Activity

Increases activity of osteoclasts, which break down bone.

Upper Arm (Front)

Biceps Brachii

Upper Arm (Back)

Triceps Brachii

Shoulder

Deltoid

Chest

Pectoralis Major

Abdomen

Rectus Abdominis

Front of Thigh

Quadriceps Femoris

Back of Thigh

Biceps Femoris

Calf

Gastrocnemius

Muscle Types

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

Origin

Attachment to stationary bone.

Insertion

Attachment to moveable bone.

Flexor Muscle

Muscle that decreases the angle of a joint.

Extensor Muscle

Muscle that increases the angle of a joint.

Characteristics of Muscle

Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity.

Fundamental Unit of Muscle Contraction

Sarcomere.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone.

Cartilage

Provides structure and protection to the body.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate; energy currency of cell.

Rigor Mortis

Stiffening of muscles after death.

Major Sections of the Brain

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem.

Brain Stem Anatomy

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

Divisions of Nervous System

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.

Subdivisions of PNS

Somatic and Autonomic.

Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Action Potential Steps

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.

Efferent

Motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS.

Sensory Impulses

Sensory neurons carry impulses toward the CNS.

Order of Light Rays into the Eye

Cornea, aqueous, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous, Retina

Veins vs. Arteries

Veins carry blood to the heart, arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Embolus

Embolus is a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.

Agglutination

Process where red blood cells clump together, usually due to an antibody-antigen reaction.

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.

Anatomy of Respiratory System

Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

Waste Products from Cellular Respiration

CO2 and H2O.

Muscle Type That Lines Passageways of Respiratory System

Smooth Muscle.

Gas Exchange

O2 in, CO2 out.

Definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Diseases that are caused by damage to the lungs and they make it difficult to breathe.

Mucociliary Escalator

Mucus elevator, a self cleaning mechanism that sweeps debris and pathogens out of the respiratory tract, maintaining airway cleanliness and function.

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and body cells.

External Respiration

Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.

Hormones

Glands secrete ________ into the bloodstream to reach target cells and regulate behaviors in that area.

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands.

Hormone That Increases Osteoclast Activity

Parathyroid Hormone

Insulin vs. Glucagon

Insulin decreases blood sugar; glucagon increases blood sugar.

Sections of Small Intestine

Small intestine sections are duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

Metabolism

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Enzymes

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Anabolism

Building up molecules.

Catabolism

Breaking down molecules.

Peristalsis

The wavelike muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

Production of Bile

Produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and emulsifies fats.

Function of the Kidneys

Filter blood and form urine.

Functional Unit of the Kidney

Nephron.

3 Processes of Urine Formation

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Primary Genitalia

Ovaries in females, testes in males.

Endometrium

Lining of the uterus that is shed during menstruation.

Organs That Produce Sperm and Egg

Testes produce sperm; ovaries produce eggs.

Zygote

Fertilized egg.

Ovulation

Release of the egg from the ovary.

Layers of the Skin

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

Functions of the Skin

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Sebaceous Glands

Produce sebum (oil).

Vasodilation vs. Vasoconstriction

Blood vessel dilation to release heat, constriction to conserve heat.

Wound Healing Process

1. Skin damaged, wound fills with blood

2. Platelets (blood cells) gather in the area to form a clot and help stop blood loss

3. Leukocytes (white blood cells) arrive at the scene to eat up bacteria and cellular debris

4. Fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) pull the edges of the wound together by creating a new cellular matrix for skin

5. New epidermis begins to grow into the wound matrix, eventually fully healing the area

Rule of Nines

Method to estimate the total body surface area (TBSA) affected by a burn.

Burn Types

First-degree, second-degree, third-degree.

Purpose of Pain

Indicates tissue damage.