Muscular System

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

supports the body, protects organs, produces blood cells, etc…

How does the skeletal system maintain homeostasis using osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts?

Osteocytes: signal osteoclasts to break down

Osteoclasts: break down the tissue

Osteoblasts: rebuild the bone tissue

Describe the 4 types of bone tissue: spongy bone, compact bone, bone marrow, and periosteum

Spongy bone: bone tissue found inside most bones & provides space for bone marrow

Compact bone: the highly dense tissue on the outside of the bone to provide strength & support

Bone marrow: soft tissue found in the cavity of long bones & produce blood cells

Periosteum: tough outer tissue that allows tendons and ligaments to attach

Identify examples of the three main types of joints: immovable, partly moveable, and synovial

Immovable: the bones are tightly fused together allowing no movement (the skull has these joints)

Party moveable: allow for limited movement (knee/elbow)

Synovial: offers a wide range of motion (shoulder/hip)

Identify examples of the three main types of synovial joints: ball and socket, pivot, and hinge

Ball and socket: movement in all directions

Pivot: allows for movement side to side and rotational in the neck

Hinge: movement like a door hinge (extension & retraction)

Explain how evolutionary anatomists can compare a human hand, a chicken wing and a fish fin

they are all considered homologous meaning they all have the same structure as each other even though not the same function

Explain how the shape of the pelvis and vertebral column are related to walking upright

the pelvis is bowl shaped which provides a balance on each side while walking upright & the vertebral column keeps the center of gravity aligned with the pelvis

What are the causes and symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

Symptoms: joint swelling, limited movement, joint pain, etc..

Causes: aging, injury, or hereditary

What are the causes and symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis?

Symptoms: joint pain, fatigue, fever

Causes: chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation

What are the causes and symptoms of Osteoporosis?

Symptoms: sudden bone fractures

Causes: bone loss, smoking, low body weight

What are the causes and symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

Symptoms: easy fractures, loose joints, weak muscles

Causes: mutation in the gene that controls collagen production

Describe the functions of the three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal: voluntary movement to move bones

Cardiac: involuntary movement to pump blood through the heart

Smooth: voluntary movement regulating digestion and blood pressure