BPK 205 ALL

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787 Terms

1
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how is pressure lost from friction

friction within the blood, friction between blood and vessel walls

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Flow

directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to resistance (Cardiac output)

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what is blood flow through the circulatory system driven by

the pressure gradient which is generated by cardiac contraction

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venous return (VR)

the flow of blood into the right atrium from the peripheral vessels

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where is blood flow velocity slowest

capillaries, total cross-sectional area is large

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precapillary schincters

open and close in response to local metabolic conditions

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metarterioles

divert blood flow if sphincters are closed, also allow larger materials (WBC) to bypass narrow capillaries

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capillaries

site of gas exchange, are leaky, density related to metabolic activity of cells, single layer of flattened epithelial cells

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bulk fluid flow

3L/day of fluid through capillaries, excess picked up by lymphatic vessels

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active hyperemia

increased blood flow accompanies increased metabolic activity

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reactive hyperemia

increased tissue blood flow following period of low perfusion

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orthostatic hypotension

decreased blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

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Atherosclerosis

inflammatory condition in which fatty deposits called plaques develop in arteries

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what are the pressure resevoir

arteries, are elastic and can stretch and recoil to maintain pressure

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systemic pressure

highest in aorta; declines throughout pathway; 0 mm Hg in right atrium

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pulse pressure

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure (avg. 40mm Hg) force heart creates each contraction

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Mean Artieral Pressure (MAP)

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure) = avg. 60mm Hg (driving pressure)

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HR x SV =

CO

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EDV - ESV =

SV

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CO x R =

MAP (~93) min 60

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how to quickly decrease BP

compensation by cardiovascular system (vasodilation, decrease CO)

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how to slowly decrease BP

compensation by kidneys (excretion of fluid in urine decreases blood volume)

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arteriole resistance by changing radius

local factors (myogenic or paracrine response, sympathetic NS regulation

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local factors: myogenic autoregulation

reflexive constriction helps maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure

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local factors: paracrines

active hyperemia will cause vasodilation (O2,CO2, H+), reactive hyperemia compensation after reduced blood flow

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SNS effect: norepinephrine

a1-adrenergic receptors, increase constricts, decrease dilates, diverging mechanism

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what type of control does SNS effect on arteriole resistance

tonic control on most arterioles

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SNS effect: epinephrine

released from adrenal medulla, fight or flight, b2-adrenergic receptors, converging mechanism

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Baroreceptors

pressure sensors in carotid and aortic arch, stretch-activated, tonically active, increased pressure opens more channels=more AP

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Baroreceptor reflex

The primary reflex pathway for homeostatic control of blood pressure (decrease sympathetic output, increase parasympathetic output)

31
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plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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cellular elements of blood

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), platelets (thrombocytes)

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5 WBC

lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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fibrinolysis

Plasmin dissolves fibrin in platelet plug + breaks down clot as damaged vessel is repaired

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Prostacyclin

restricts platelet plugs to site of injury

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anticoagulants

limit extent of blood clotting within a vessel

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blood

7% of body weight, connective tissue, watery extracellular matrix (plasma 1/4 body ECF)

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centrifugation

Separates components by density using high speed spinning

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buffy layer

platelets and white cells between plasma and RBCs ~1%

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hematocrit

% of total blood volume that is occupied by RBC ~42%

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hematopoeisis

synthesis of blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow of long flat bones, 25% become RBC, 75% become WBC

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cytokines

proteins release from 1 cell that affect the activity of another

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

low RBC, produced in kidney cells

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Thrombopoietin (TPO)

low platelets, produced in liver

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hypoxia

low O2 levels in arterial blood, sensed by kidney stimulates EPO

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hemoglobin

four protein globin chain, centered around a porphyrin heme group ring, iron atom in center

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enemia

low RBC count, decreased hemoglobin content=reduced O2 carrying capacity

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hemolytic anemia

accelerated RBC loss, genetic (sickle cell), acquired (malaria)

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aplastic anemia

decreased RBC production, from drugs or radiation, dietary insufficiencies

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hemorrhage

loss of blood from the vessels

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hemostasis

keeping blood inside the blood vessels

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4 steps to hemostasis in response to damage

vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation, dissolution of clot

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the coagulation cascade

The series of steps beginning with the intrinsic (collagen) or extrinsic (tissue factor) pathways of coagulation and proceeding through the formation of a fibrin clot

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Fibrinolysis

tissue is repaired and clot dissolves due to actions of enzyme plasmin

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A+ blood type

A flag, + Rh

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A- blood type

A flag, no Rh

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universal acceptor

AB (Rh+)

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universal donor

O (Rh-)

59
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hemolytic disease of the newborn

anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and damage fetal RBC

60
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air flow

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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functions of respiratory system

gas exchange, regulation of pH, conditioning inspired air, protection, vocalization

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inspiration

air moves into lungs

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expiration

air moves out of lungs

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ventilation

air in and out

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pleural membranes

fluid filled balloon that wraps around lungs so ribs and lungs move together

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cardiac notch

A concave space on the left lung in which the heart lies

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muscles used for quiet breathing

external intercostals, diaphram

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muscles used for forceful breathing

sternocleidomastoids, scalenes

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muscles used for forceful exhalation

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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visceral pleural membrane

surrounds the lungs

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parietal pleural membrane

surrounds intrapleural fluid and attaches to chest wall

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pleural sac

protects lungs, lubricated membranes to slide, sticks lungs to thoracic wall, keeps lungs inflated

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main role of airways

filter out foreign substances, warm air, add water vapor

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watery saline layer of respiratory tract

allows cilia to push mucus toward pharynx (cystic fibrosis missing this layer)

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bronchodilation

decreased resistance, paracrine response to CO2, SNS response nore/epinephrine bind to B2-receptor, Gs pathway

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bronchoconstriction

increased resistance, paracrine response to histamine, PNS response ACh binds to (M3) muscarinic receptors, Gq pathway

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alveoli

site of gas exchange, make up most of lung tissure, one layer epitheliaal cells,

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type 1 alveolar cells

gas exchange, 95% alveolar space, squamous

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type 2 alveolar cells

make and secrete surfactant

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Surfactant

fluid that lines all the alveoli making them easier to expand and prevent from collapsing, decreases SA and tension

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transpulmonary pressure

force inflating the lungs (Palv - Pip = 4mm Hg)

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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (ERV + RV)

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pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

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compliance

ability of the lung to stretch, decreased in restrictive pulmonary disease (fibrosis-espestos)

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elastance

ability of the lung to spring back after being stretched, decreased in emphysema, loss of elastin

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boyle's Law

P1V1 = P2V2

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what does air sucked in do

lung volume increases, pressure in lungs decrease, inspiratory muscles contract

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what does blowing air out do

lung volume decreases, pressure inside lungs increase, inspiratory muscles relax

89
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spirometry

to measure changes in lung volumes during ventilation

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tidal volume (Vt)

normal in and out ~500ml

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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

can pull in but usually dont

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

can push out but usually dont

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Residual Volume (RV)

cant push out-lungs are inflated

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inspiratory capacity

Vt + IRV, total capacity

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Vital Capacity (VC)

TV + IRV + ERV, normal working range

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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Vt + IRV + ERV + RV, everything

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Dalton's law

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted by all individual gases

98
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what is rate of diffusion directly proportional to

SA, membrane permeability (D), conc. gradient

99
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what is rate of diffusion inversely proportional to

diffusion distance (membrane thickness, interstitial fluid)

100
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Hemoglobin

Found in RBC, reversibly binds to 4 O2, increases blood O2 carrying capacity, HbO2=oxyhemoglobin