Fluid therapy

what is the most abundant electrolyte in ECF?

sodium

what is the most abundant electrolyte in ICF?

potassium

when are therapeutic fluids considered balanced?

if they match the ECF

what is the Movement of fluids across cell membranes called?

osmosis 

If a protein is causing “osmotic pressure” it’s called…

oncotic pressure

Movements of solutes across membranes is called…

diffusion

what is the #1 indication for fluid therapy?

restoration of electrolyte balance and correction of dehydration 

intravenous route of administration

when loss is great or disorder is severe, quicker, precise, requires IV catheter and close monitoring

subcutaneous route of administration

when needs are not severe, amount able depends on species, breed, size

oral route

if no severe disorders of GI tract, allows normal physiologic process, not satisfactory when large amount are needed

Intraperitoneal route

large volumes but slow absorption, more complications

Intraosseous route

very small animals or those with poor veins, rapid delivery but requires more technical skill

what are some signs of overhydration?

restlessness, increased lung sounds, tachycardia

what do crystalloids contain?

solutes that can pass through cell membranes

what do crystalloids result in?

rapid equilibration of fluid in intravascular and interstitial spaces

crystalloids are…

versatile and low cost

isotonic

high-sodium (replacement solutions)

hypotonic 

low-sodium (maintenance solution)

hypertonic

extra high sodium

what can crystalloids treat?

shock, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, etc

when should you not use crystalloids?

in patients who may retain sodium such as heart patients and CRF

what is Physiologic saline?

an isotonic high-sodium crystalloid

what is Physiologic saline composed of?

0.9% NaCl

what is Physiologic saline also called?

normal saline

what can Physiologic saline be used for?

to flush tissues or body cavities during surgery

when should you not use Physiologic saline?

in patients with heart disease

what is lactated ringers solution?

an isotonic, high sodium crystalloid

what is lactated ringers solution composed of?

balanced electrolytes, less sodium than 0.9%

what is the maintenance fluid of choice? 

lactated ringers solution 

what is lactated ringers solution not appropriate for?

critical patients, because it contains calcium and is buffered with lactate

what may lactate help treat?

acidosis, but needs to be metabolized in the liver

when should you not use lactated ringers solution?

in patients with liver disease, or with hypercalcemia