Prison and Prisoners Test 1

Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in the United States. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Almost ⅔ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole (54.8% in probation and 12.2% in parole)

Until the early 1800s in the United States, correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment to reprimand criminal behavior → TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

During the Colonial period (1620-1776), Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from England and adapted to local conditions.

The New York system of corrections, implemented first in the Auburn State Prison, was founded upon the idea of complete solitary confinement of inmates. → TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Instead of duplicating the complete isolation practiced in Pennsylvania, Lynds worked out a new congregate system of prison discipline in the New York (Auburn) System. Inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisons during the day

Evidence-based corrections is a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works".

TRUE

From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as means of ____________ ______________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.

SOCIAL CONTROL

Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are ________ , meaning that each process affects another part of the criminal justice →

INTERCONNECTED,

. Nearly one-fifth of all offenders are under the correctional control of four states (i.e., the Big Four of corrections). Which of the following is NOT one of these states? → california, florida, New York, Oklahoma

OKLAHOMA

four state corrections system- california, florida, New York, and Texas- handle more than ⅓ of all the state prisoners and about ⅖ of all offenders under correctional control in the United States (14

Nearly one-fifth of all offenders are under the correctional control of four states (i.e., the Big Four of corrections). What are these Big 4 corrections.

california, florida, New York, and Texas

A ________ is a correctional facility used to house pretrial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.

JAIL

10. In 1790, the first recognized penitentiary was created in which U.S. city? →

PHILADELPHIA

The system where inmates were held in isolation at night but worked together during the day is known as the →

CONGREGATE SYSTEM

Which of the following events was instrumental in the move toward the community corrections movement in the United States? →

The 1971 inmate riot and hostage taking in New York's Attica Correctional facility aided the move toward community corrections.

__________ is a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of their sentence →

PAROLE

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours is known as a

JAIL

. Please define the following terms: (1) probation, (2) parole. What are the major similarities and differences between the two sanctions?

PROBATION: An agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to confinement in prison or jail.

PAROLE: A system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of the sentence. (15)

Similarities: Both involve supervision in the community, both aim to rehabilitate the individual.

Differences: Probation is often used for individuals who have not yet been incarcerated or for less serious offenses, while parole is designed for individuals who have been incarcerated and have shown progress or rehabilitation while in prison

Corrections in colonial America followed English ideas and practices. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

The death penalty is the ultimate example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE (PG.38)

Deterrence assumes that people think rationally before they act. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

indeterminate sentences require a minimum and maximum amount of time for offenders to serve in prison. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Felony courts hear about 90% of all criminal cases. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE (49-50). Misdemeanor courts hear about 90% of all criminal cases

Before the 1200s in Europe, a crime was determined to be a private affair with vengeance to be carried out by the victim or the victim's family on the offender. This principle of punishment was centered on the idea of lex talionis, meaning the law of _________.

RETALIATION

The earliest known forms of codified law were the Sumerian Laws of Mesopotamia (3100 b.c.e.) and the _______, developed by the King of Babylon in 1750 b.c.e.

CODE OF HAMMURABI

Which of the following is NOT a principle that underlies the reforms that Beccaria advocated?

a. The basis of all social action must be the utilitarian concept of the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

b. Crime must be considered an injury to society, and the only rational measure of crime is the extentof injury

.c. The accused have a right to speedy trials and to humane treatment before trial, as well as every right to bringforward evidence on their behalf

d. Imprisonment should be more widely employed, with worse quarters to deter offender

Imprisonment should be more widely employed, with worse quarters to deter offenders (36)

Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?

a. rehabilitation

b. retribution

c. deterrence

d. incarceration

D. INCARCERATION

What are the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?

rehabilitation, retribution, deterrence, Incapacitation

. A new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade is called ________ _____________. This process advocates a type of punishment that is designed to repair losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets, and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment?

INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS

A(n) _______ sentence is a fixed period of incarceration and is often associated with the concept of retribution

DETERMINATE

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an "invisible punishment"?

a. restricting access to public libraries

b. denying felons the right to vote

c. restricting access to certain occupations

d. allowing termination of parental rightS

RESTRICTING ACCESS TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES

According to the text, what ARE "invisible punishment"?

-Denying felons the right to vote

-Allowing termination of parental rights

-Establishing felony conviction as grounds for divorce

-Restricting access to certain occupations

-Barring felons from public welfare programs and benefits

The _______ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment

PRESENTENCE REPORT

. The presentence report is prepared by a _________ ___________

PROBATION OFFICER

When an innocent person is found guilty by plea or verdict it is known as a _________ _________.

WRONGFUL CONVICTION

Please list, explain, and give examples of just two of the four major goals of punishment

One example of the four major goals of punishment would be deterrence. Deterrence aims to discourage individuals from committing crimes by making the consequences of criminal behavior clear and unpleasant. Thus, deterrence assumes that people think rationally before they act because they weigh the cost against the benefits of their actions. The book explains two types of deterrence, general deterrence and specific deterrence. General deterrence is punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage crime by others. Conversely, specific deterrence is punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes. (38) One example of general deterrence would be the death penalty since it would aim to prevent others from committing similar crimes by setting an example of severe consequences.

A second goal of punishment would be rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is the goal of restoring the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through vocational training, educational services, and/or therapy (39). One example of rehabilitation could be programs that help individuals with drug problems and provide treatment. An offender with a history of drug abuse may participate in a rehabilitation program designed to help them overcome addiction.

Jails are the entryway to corrections. T/F

TRUE

According to many scholars, a great percentage of defendants are considered indigent and cannot afford to post bail. T/F

TRUE

Defendants who are regarded as dangerous or likely to commit crimes while awaiting trial are kept in jail for society's protection under preventive detention. T/F

TRUE

According to federal and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions. T/F

FALSE (77)

Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire U.S. correctional system

FALSE (78)

The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from which country?

ENGLAND (61)

Operated as facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails have customarily been run by ________ _______.

COUNTY SHERRIFS

-80% of jails run by sheriffS

The ________ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held.

FEE SYSTEM (63).

Which facility is operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units, with a jail board drawn from representatives of the participating jurisdictions and having varying authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel?

REGIONAL JAIL (65)

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the most significant problems jail inmates face today?

a. nutrition

b. mental health issues

c. substance dependency

d. legal concerns

NUTRITION

-Most significant problems would be substance dependency, medical needs and legal needs (69-70).

Pretrial detainees ________.

a. have not been convicted of the crimes they are being held on.

b. have no rights.

c. typically have medical insurance.

d. rarely have substance abuse issues

HAVE NOT BEEN CONVICTED OF THE CRIMES THEY ARE BEING HELD ON

Which of the following is NOT one of the three mains reasons used to support pretrial diversion programs?

a. Diversion is cheaper than criminal justice processing.

b. There is a stigma attached to being labeled a criminal.

c. Many offenders' crimes are caused by special problems (e.g., addiction).

d. These programs help prevent the accused from committing further crimes.

These programs help prevent the accused from committing further crimes (73).

. By far the most successful pretrial release program has been ________.

release on recognizance (ROR) (72)

Defendants who do not appear for a court hearing are called _________.

ABSCONDERS (74).

Explain under what circumstances jail administrators can be held legally

When a government official (such as a correctional officer) uses his or her authority to deprive a citizen of civil rights, the victim can sue the official to halt the violation and to collect damages (both actual and punitive) and recoup legal costs. (77).

b. One example of this would be failure to provide adequate medical care. One example of this was Estelle v. Gamble case of (1976). Gamble was a prisoner in the Huntington Unit of the Texas prison system, where he hurt his back doing prison work. He complained to the jail official about his pain but they failed to provide him the medical treatment he needed. The supreme court ruled that the denial of proper medical treatment was a violation to his eighth amendment

The law enforcement role of probation emphasizes surveillance of the offender and close controls on behavior. → T/F

TRUE (92)

One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government → T/F

TRUE (96)

When both the requirements of supervision and the surveillance of offenders increase, more violations are detected and more probationers face revocation of probation → T/F

TRUE (105)

Today in the United States, non government agencies can also be used to administer community corrections programs → T/F

TRUE (106)

__________, a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the United States, dating back to 1841.

JOHN AUGUSTUS (90)

The goal of __________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities

RISK MANAGEMENT (92)

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are __________.

UNDER COMMUNITY SUPERVISION

Probationers in the United States are more likely to be __________ than are offenders confined to jail or prison

WHITE AND MALE (104)

Judicial reprieve in the United States was

DECLARED UNCONSTITUIONAL IN 1916 (90)

. Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is called

FORFEITURE (98)

Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and, second, to serve as a_______.

LESS COSTLY ALTERNATIVE TO PRISON (104)

According to the text, boot camps are designed for what type of offender?

YOUNG OFFENDERS (102)

If an offender falls behind on paying compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss, they may be sent to a

RESTITUTION CENTER (99)

When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non prison cases, they cannot _________

DETER CRIME

Explain some of the problems associated with intermediate sanctions

Some of the problems with intermediate sanctions include problems in selecting which agencies will operate the process and which offenders will receive the sanction as well as the problem of net widening.

With the problem of agencies, many administrators of jails, prisons, probation and parole argue they should also administer intermediate sanctions but critics say these agencies must give priority to their own operations.

In regards to selecting the offenders, many argue that violent or drug-marketing offenses are so abhorrent that a non incarcerative program is not appropriate (95).

Lastly, with net widening, many argue that sanctions widen the net of social control, instead of reducing the control exerted over offenders' lives, the program actually increases it.

PSIs do not allow victims to make impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender's action → T/F

FALSE (118)

Private investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSI. T/F

TRUE

One main purpose of the probation officer's supervision is to enforce compliance with conditions. T/F

TRUE (121)

Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a mandatory therapy session. T/F

TRUE (130)

The PSI process typically begins with an interview with the

OFFENDER (114)

Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ____________ And supervision.

INVESTIGATION

Supervision begins once an offender is sentenced to probation, and it involves three steps. What are these steps

1. establishing a relationship with the offender

2. setting supervision goals to help the offender comply with conditions established by the court

3.deciding how to terminate probation on the basis of the offender's response to supervision

Probation officers prefer to rely more heavily on their _________ rather than on power.

AUTHORITY (122)

_______________ ________________ involves a variety of interpersonal techniques that increase the effectiveness of correctional treatment, by having the probation officer interact with the client in ways that promote the client's stake in the change process.

MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING (123)

The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior is known as ________

RECIDIVISM (124)

Define the terms authority and power. Discuss their role in the work of probation officers. Which is more effective? Why?

Power in the case of probation is the ability to force someone to do something they don't want to do. For example, forcing an offender to behave because if they dont you will send you back to jail.

Conversely, authority is the ability to influence someone to do the right thing whether it's getting them housing or making them go to an employment specialist, or making them go to school.

Authority is more effective because I believe it creates a relationship based on rules and respect rather than fear. Moreover, Probation officers who rely on authority can foster compliance while building trust.

The most frequent type of offense of federal prisoners is drug related? T/F

TRUE (146)

The Federal Bureau of Prisons confinement facilities are classified using four security levels, ranging from "minimum" to "supermax" security. T/F

TRUE (151)

. _________, the oldest operating prison in America, was built in 1798 and still houses inmates today.

TRENTON STATE PRISON (NJ) (142)

The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a _________ ___________ model of corrections, a model that emphasizes the importance of incarceration

CRIME CONTROL

Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum-security prisons in the United States?

TELEPHONE-POLE (150)

. Who is responsible for the operation of state prisons?

COMMISSIONERS OF CORRECTIONS (147)

Prisons house convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of

MORE THAN ONE YEAR

List and explain the two of the five major reasons why U.S. prison populations have increased over the past 20 years.

1. Tougher Sentencing. Many people think that hardening of public attitudes toward criminals resulted in longer prison sentences, relatively less frequent use of probation, and fewer inmates being released at the time of their first parole hearing. In the past three decades the states and federal government have passed laws that increase sentences for many crimes. In addition, mandatory-sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of judges with regard to the length of sentences for certain offenders 156).

2. The War on Drugs. Crusades against the use of drugs have happened repeatedly since the 1800s. The most recent war declared by Ronald Reagan in 1982, resulted in money for drug enforcement personnel and prison space. The war on drugs has certainly succeeded in packing the nation's prisons with drug-law offenders. In 1980 only 19k or 6% of state prisoners had been convicted of a drug offense; by 2013 the figure had risen to 210,200 or nearly 15.9% of inmates in state prison (156)

One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government → T/F

TRUE

Departments of Corrections are usually unable to control the flow of offenders sent to them by the courts. T/F

TRUE

During the past few years the prison population has continued to increase. T/F

FALSE

Between 2009 and 2012, state prison populations dropped over 2% →depopulating. The nation's imprisonment rate dipped below 500 per 100k for the first time since 2006, and in 2010, half the states had net reduction in the number of prisoners

The majority of adult prisons in the United States are located in ________ areas

RURAL

Mandatory sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of judges with regard to the ________

LENGTH OF SENTENCES FOR CERTAIN OFFENDER.