bio final test 2

Flashcards for review of key concepts from Principles of Biology II, including cellular respiration, enzyme function, cell signaling, and cell division.

What is the rate of ATP production through substrate-level phosphorylation starting with one molecule of isocitrate in the citric acid cycle?

1 ATP.

What is the correct interpretation of this figure

ATP stores energy for cell work

What is the forward reaction in this figure

Exergonic G<0

Catabolism is to anabolism as - is to -

Exergonic, endergonic

Apoptosis does not involve

Lysis of the cell

Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy neighbors of a dying cell

Lysosomal enzymes exiting the cell would damage surrounding cells

In C. Elegans, ced 9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in what ways

It cleaves to produce ced 3 and ced 4

What step in the figure shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules

B

What are scaffolding proteins

Ladderlike proteins that allow receptor ligand complexes to climb through cells

What part of the pathway contains a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source

A

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. The cell is most likely

A plant cell in cytokinesis

Starting with citrate, what combination of products would result from 3 acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle

3 ATP 6 CO2 9 NADH 3 FADH2

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used for cancer treatment. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules, its effectiveness must be related to

Disruption of mitotic spindle formation

What is the combination of substances initially added to the chain

NADH, FADH2 O2

One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is

Cancer cells continue to divide even when packed together

Which process can occur without a net influx of energy?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O.

The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to

The degradation of cyclin

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

In the cells or some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in

Cells with more than one nucleus

What happens to the free energy of a system when an enzyme is added to its reaction at equilibrium?

Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.

What does not occur during mitosis

Condensation of chromosomes

What is the correct statement regarding the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis?

The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.

A particular cell has half the DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in

G1

Which gas is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen.

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. What aspect of the cell cycle would be most distrupted by this drug

Cleavage formation and cytokinesis

How does the Vibrio cholerae toxin cause diarrhea?

It modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion.

The centromere is the region in which

Chromatids are attached to each other

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation reduction reaction the molecule becomes

Oxidized

What is a cleavage furrow

Groove im plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

What is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Fragmentation of the DNA.

What describes the results of this reaction: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Identify the second messenger in the pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → CAMP.

cAMP.

How many chromosomes would be present if there are 20 chromatids in a cell?

10 centromeres.

Which cellular event does not occur during mitosis?

Replication of the DNA.

What happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom?

The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.

What is the role of density-dependent inhibition in cell division?

As cells become more numerous, they stop dividing due to contact with neighboring cells.

When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom the molecule becomes

Reduced

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because

They amplify the original signal

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by

Dimerization and phosphorylation

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Provide energy that establishes proton gradient

When electrons flow along electron transport chains of mitochondria, what change occurs

pH of matrix increases

Most CO2 from catabolism, is released during

Citric acid cycle

Th molecule that functions as the reducing agent in a redox or oxidation reduction reaction

Loses electrons and loses potential energy