Atoms & Elements

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39 Terms

1
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What is Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) about?

All matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving, with space between them.

2
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How does heat affect particles according to KMT?

Adding energy (heat) makes particles move faster and usually increases the space between them.

3
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What are the three states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, Gas.

4
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How do particles in a liquid compare to a solid?

Liquid particles are farther apart and move around more than solid particles.

5
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What is a chemical property?

A property that describes how a substance reacts with another substance to form a new one.

6
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What is a physical property?

A property that can be observed or noticed without changing the substance's identity.

7
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What is a qualitative physical property?

A property that can be described or observed, like color or texture.

8
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What is a quantitative physical property?

A property that can be measured in units, like mass or density.

9
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What are 3 signs a chemical change has probably occurred?

Heat is produced/absorbed, a new color appears or the original color disappears, or gas bubbles/solid chunks form.

10
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What stays the same in a physical change?

The material involved is structurally the same before and after the change.

11
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Name 3 examples of physical changes.

Cutting, Dissolving, Melting.

12
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What are elements made of?

Each element is made up of its own unique type of atom.

13
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What is the atomic number?

It's the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which is also the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

14
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How many elements are currently known?

118

15
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What is the rule for writing element symbols?

The first letter (or only letter) is always capitalized, which may be followed by 0-2 lowercase letters.

16
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What does a chemical formula show?

It represents a compound and shows which elements are bonded together and how many atoms of each are present.

17
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What is atomic mass?

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus, often expressed in amu.

18
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Name 3 properties of metals.

Good conductors of heat and electricity, shiny, and ductile (can be stretched into wires).

19
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What are non-metals generally like?

Poor conductors of heat and electricity, not ductile or malleable, and often dull in appearance.

20
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What are metalloids?

Substances with properties of both metals and non-metals, like being semiconductors.

21
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What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called?

Groups or Families.

22
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What do elements in the same group/family have in common?

They have similar (but not identical) chemical properties.

23
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What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

Periods.

24
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What does an element's period number tell you?

It tells you the number of principal electron shells (orbits) its atoms have.

25
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What is a proton?

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus.

26
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What is a neutron?

A neutrally charged (no charge) subatomic particle found in the nucleus.

27
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What is an electron?

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus.

28
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What was Dalton's model of the atom?

A tiny, indivisible sphere.

29
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What was Thompson's model of the atom nicknamed?

The "plum pudding model".

30
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In Bohr's model, how many electrons can the first orbit hold?

A maximum of 2 electrons.

31
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In Bohr's model, how many electrons can orbits beyond the first hold?

A maximum of 8 electrons.

32
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What do Lewis diagrams show?

Only the valence (outermost) electrons of an atom.

33
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What is an ion?

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge.

34
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What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

35
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What is a covalent bond?

A bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

36
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What is the "octet" in chemistry?

An outer shell electron configuration of 8 electrons, which atoms try to attain for stability.

37
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What is a cation?

A positively charged ion. (Often formed when metals lose electrons)

38
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What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion. (Often formed when non-metals gain electrons)

39
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Why do atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions?

To achieve a full outer orbit and become stable (follow the octet rule).