DPT 745 Week 4 Lecture Notes Pt. 1

Occipital

Sphenoid

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Ethmoid

Name the bones of the neurocranium

Palatine

Zygomatic

Nasal

Vomer

Maxillae

Mandible

Name the bones of the viscerocranium

Occipital

Sphenoid

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Ethmoid

Palatine

Zygomatic

Nasal

Vomer

Maxillae

Mandible

Coronal suture

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

External occipital protuberance

Lambda

Posterior skull

Bregma

Superior skull

External acoustic meatus

Zygomatic arch

Temporomandibular joint

Styloid process

Coronoid process of mandible

Condyloid process of mandible

Zygomatic process

temporal process

What are the two processes of the zygomatic arch?

Zygomatic process

Temporal process

Palatine process

Horizontal plate

Mandibular fossa

Mastoid proces

Foramen magnum

Superior nuchal line

Inferior nuchal line

Jugular foramen

Medial plate of pterygoid process

Lateral plate of pterygoid process

Diploë

The spongy, cancellous bone found between the inner and outer layers of the flat bones of the skull

Optic canal

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Internal acoustic meatus

Hypoglossal canal

Sella turcica

Hypophysial fossa

A critical anatomical structure located within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Dorsum sellae

A bony projection located on the sphenoid bone, specifically at the posterior boundary of the sella turcica

Foramen lacerum

Greater wing of sphenoid

Lesser wing of sphenoid

Olfactory nerve

Sensory nerve

Optic nerve

Sensory nerve

It plays a role in various visual functions, including brightness perception, color perception, contrast sensitivity, and reflexes like the light reflex and accommodation reflex.

Oculomotor

Motor nerve

Controlling several muscles that move the eye and eyelid, as well as regulating pupil size and lens shape

Trochlear

Motor nerve

Controlling the superior oblique muscle of the eye

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Opthalmic (V1)

Maxillary (V2)

Mandibular (V3)

Trigeminal (CN 5) nerve splits into what three nerves?

Oculomotor nerve

Controlling several muscles that move the eye and eyelid, as well as regulating pupil size and lens shape

Abducent nerve

Nerve responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which abducts (moves the eye outward)

Intermediate nerve

A distinct component of the facial nerve; carries both sensory and parasympathetic fibers. Plays a crucial role in various functions, including taste perception, glandular secretion, and sensation from the external ear and parts of the head

Hypoglossal nerve

Starts from the hypoglossal nuclei pair in the lower medulla. The 2 nerves travel laterally and ventrally from the respective nucleus. The nerve splits in 2 before exiting the medulla and passes through the hypoglossal canal in the skull's occipital bone

Anterior

_____ Cranial Fossa

• Crista galli and cribiform plate

– numerous tiny foramina transmit the olfactory nerves (CN I) from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain, which lie on this plate

Crista galli

Acts an attachment point for the falx cerebri, a membrane that separates the two hemispheres of the brain. It also helps to anchor the brain and protect it from movement

Cribriform plate

Middle

_____ Cranial Fossa

• Optic Canals

– Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries

• Superior Orbital Fissure

– Opthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), CN III, IV, and VI

• Foramen Rotundum

– Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

• Foramen Lacerum

– Internal carotid artery (and its sympathetic and venous plexi)

• Foramen Spinosum

– Middle meningeal artery/vein; meningeal branch of CN V3

• Foramen Ovale

– Mandibular nerve (CN V3), and accessory meningeal artery

Foramen rotundum

Posterior

_____ Cranial Fossa

• Foramen Magnum

– Medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries

• Jugular Foramen

– CN IX, X, and XI; superior bulb of internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

• Hypoglossal Canal

– Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Cranial

meninges

_____ Cavity

• Walls

– Consist of inner and outer tables of compact bone that are separated by spongy bone called diploë

– Cranial _____

• Three membranes that surround the brain and are continuous with the meninges of the spinal cord.

• Dura mater

– Periosteal dura

– Meningeal dura

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia mater

Dura mater

Fused to the periosteum, therefore it is considered to have two parts

Periosteal dura

Continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull

Meningeal dura

Continuous with the dura of the spinal cord

Arachnoid mater

Delicate membrane that lines the inner surface of the dura. Arachnoid trabeculae are fine extensions that span across the subarachnoid space and attach to the pia mater.

Pia mater

Vascular delicate membrane that attaches to the brain.

Subarachnoid space

Filled with CSF

Dural

_____ Folds and Sinuses

• The separation of meningeal dura from periosteal dura creates channels.

These channels are lined with an endothelium and they receive veins that drain the brain and the meninges.

• They are in effect venous channels responsible for draining the contents of the cranial cavity.

• At other locations, the meningeal dura form folds that dip into fissures between parts of the brain.

Falx cerebri

Separates cerebral hemispheres (longitudinal fissure

Falx cerebelli

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

Separates cerebellum from cerebrum

Diaphragma sellae

Closes off pituitary gland

Arachnoid granulations

Primary sites of CSF reabsorption into the dural venous sinuses

Lumen of dural venous sinus

Network of channels within the cranial cavity, sandwiched between the two layers of the dura mater. They are distinct from typical veins as they are devoid of valves and muscle, and instead, are lined with endothelial cell

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Cavernous sinuses

Superior petrosal sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus

Sigmoid sinus