Learn: Biopsychology & Neuroscience Overview

Psychopharmacology

Drugs; methods: administer + see effects; subject: both.

Physiological Psychology

Stimulus + record brain

Cognitive Neuroscience

Look @ fxnal areas of brain for behavior.

Comparative Psychology

Genetics + behavior in animals.

Psychophysiology

Surface recording (EEG, MEG, skin conductance).

Neuropsychology

Brain damage effects, IQ test, common test battery.

Golgi Stain

Shape of neurons & how connected; makes some neurons black and some not.

Nissl Stain

Nucleic acid markers (only in cell body); count amount of cell bodies.

Electron Microscopy

Structure details, can actually see synapses (the gap between axon/dendrite).

Track Tracing

Retrograde (trace axon back to cell body, afferent input) vs Antegrade (trace axon against cell body, efferent input).

Two Photon Microscopy

Use laser to scan living tissue; found that dendrites come and go.

Astrocytes (CNS)

Manage microenvironment around cell bodies so chemical can get across; bear hug synapse 1 cell at a time.

Satellite Cells (PNS)

Manage microenvironment around cell bodies.

Schwann Cells (PNS)

Myelination; 1 cell at a time; regenerate myelin sheets.

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Myelination; myelinate many @ a time; chemical escape.

Microglia (CNS)

Digest contents, fight blood invaders (white blood cells).

Potency Stages

Totipotent = Omnipotent -> Pluripotent -> Multipotent -> Unipotent.

Germinal Stage

Fertilization, morula, zygote, blastula.

Embryonic Stage

Gastrulation, neurulation (neural plate forms neural tube and crest).

Primary Germ Layers

Ectoderm -> nervous system; Mesoderm -> muscles; Endoderm -> organs.

Neural Tube & Crest

Neural tube becomes CNS; Neural crest becomes PNS.

Brain Development Sections

3 sections (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain) become 5 sections (Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon).

Neuronal Migration

Radial (move to edge of neural tube) & Tangent (move tangently to reach specific area).

Chemoaffinity

Neurons using chemicals to connect w/ other neurons & form synapses w/ the help of Astrocytes.

Refinement Rule

Fire together, wire together — keep connections you need & kill the ones you don't.

Nervous System Divisions

CNS and PNS (Sensory = Afferent, Motor = Efferent).

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic: short-long synapses, fight or flight. Parasympathetic: long-short synapses, rest and digest.

Frontal Lobe

Executive fxn, central gyrus, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex.

Temporal Lobe

Auditory cortex, hearing, language.

Parietal Lobe

Higher order (visual & spatial reasoning), somatosensory (post central).

Occipital Lobe

Vision, visual cortex.

Diencephalon

Thalamus (gateway info from medial meniscus) & Hypothalamus (controls ANS, hormones).

Mesencephalon

Tectum (superior colliculi: reflexive vision, inferior colliculi: auditory) & Tegmentum (periaqueductal gray: pain modulation, red nucleus: motor coordination, substantia nigra: movement).

Metencephalon

Pons (pontine nuclei, pyramidal tract, trigeminal nuclei) & Cerebellum (superior, middle, inferior peduncles).

Medulla

Autonomic control, keep u alive; everything crosses @ medulla.

Lateral View Brain Labels

F: Medulla, G: Pons, E: Cerebellum, N: Amygdala, M: Hippocampus, B: premotor cortex, P: auditory cortex, D: visual cortex, A: prefrontal cortex, C: somatosensory.

Medial View Brain Labels

H: tegmentum, I: tectum, K: Thalamus, L: Hypothalamus, N: Amygdala, M: Hippocampus, J: corpus callosum.