Music in Ethnics Midterm

Tonality

is the tension and release from the manipulation of the notes

melody (vertical series of musical notes designed to create tension and release) and harmony (horizontal group of notes designed to create tension and release)

from europe

Rhythm

rhythm (the organization of sounds and silences in time) and meter

Roots

traditional, authentic music styles that originate from cultural communities that are passed down orally to generations

Hybrids

Music that combines elements, techniques, or instruments from two or more completely different musical genres, cultures, or eras

sacred

for the church

secular

everything else, not part of church

Medieval Music

(ancient greeks) first to use notation and music system taken from byzantine chant

Byzantine Music

first attempt to organize sacred music, only for singing, created to have uniformity in church

Renaissance

modality to tonality, major or minor scale, emphasis on melody and chords

Counter Reformation

art (music) should be aesthetically pleasing to aid in worship (should be joyous)

Polyrhythm - West African

layering of different rhythms over the same meter, very little chord changes or melody, sense of “groove”

Improvisation - West African

making up music over chords, creating a melody based on a pre-exsiting melody

-free styling

-scat

-call and response

Functions of Music - West Africa

rites of passage, healing, entertainment, work

Griot/Jali

highest ranking musician/storyteller who would travel to villages and sing about current events, myths, etc

African Diaspora

After 1600AD, Africans were brought to North and South America as slaves. Musical traits started to infiltrate native music (made Brazilian Samba and Colombian Cumbia)

Tonal Era

from 1600-1900 AD, todays music is founded on this era, music is entertainment and function (religious services and background)

Native American Music

terraced descent, arrhythmic (lacking predictable rhythm), no written music notation instead it came by dreams or visions

• Voice (no lyrics, high pitched cry, call and response)

• Voice (with lyrics, story telling, songs and words not always united)

Native American Music Functions

music is not for entertainment, ceremonial (providing food, healing, life cycle), singing is an intense part of religious experience

Shaman

holy man, shaman may experience dreams where he composes new songs

Hawaiian Music

root & hybrid (indigenous hawaiian and modern pop)

british and american influences

oli (chant) & hula (dance)

Hawaiian Instruments

ukulele, pedal street guitar, slack keyed guitar (most not fixed tuning)

Asian Music in America - Arrival

arrival in the USA in late 19th and 20th centuries and working in plantations, factories, and railroads

Asian Exclusion Act of 1924

barred nearly all Asian immigrants from entering the US

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act

abolished the discriminatory “national origins” quota system that had restricted US immigration

Cantonese Opera (Yueju)

popular in 20th century and often without instruments and more spoken than sung

Japanese American Music

anime

Japanese Jazz and city pop which is derived from american jazz and pop

Traditional Mexican Music

Hybrid of European (spain, german, etc) with indigenous

most does not have African influence because mexico for the most part did not have slaves

Traditional Mexican Music - Instruments

violin, guitar, trumpet, harp

In mexico and southwest US, spanish missionaries blended european instruments and genres into ceremonies

European Colonization in Mexican Music

instruments like the guitar and trumpet

musical elements: mostly european & tonality

catholicizing festivals: day of the dead

couples dancing

Spanish and Portuguese Influence on Mexican Music

catholic devotional songs

dancing traits like zapateado, finger snapping, castanets

Post Modern Music

mix of european and african styles (european tonality and african rhythm)