Biology Paper 1 for Separate Science (Year 10) merged

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btw I just merged all of the flashcards

Biology

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1
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The genetic material in a plant and animal cell is found in the

Nucleus

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Plant and animal cells both have

A nucleus, a cell membrane and cytoplasm

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Bacterial cells are also known as

Prokaryotic cells

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Plant and animal cells are also known as

Eukaryotic cells

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What is the size of bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells

Bacterial cells are smalle

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Bacterial cells have small rings of DNA called

Plasmids

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What is different about the genetic material in bacterial cells compared to animal cells?

It is not enclosed in a nucleus

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What material is the cell wall of plant and algal cells made from?

Cellulose

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What parts of a plant cell are not found in animal cells

Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole

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What is found in the permanent vacuole of a plant cell

Cell sap

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What is the function of the nucleus?

Controls the activities of the cell. It is where the genetic material is found

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What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A liquid gel where most chemical reactions take place

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

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What is the function of the mitochondria?

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell

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What is the function of the ribosomes?

Where protein synthesis takes place

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What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis

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What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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What is the function of the cell wall?

Made of cellulose which helps strengthen the cell and provides support

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What is the function of the plasmids?

Where some of the genetic material is found in bacterial cells

20
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What type of microscope would you use to observer ribosomes?

Electron microscope

21
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Give a specialisation of a sperm cell

A large nucleus containing genetic information
A long tail to assist with movement
The mid-section is full of mitochondria to transfer energy for movement

22
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Give a specialisation of a nerve cell

A long axon to carry information over long distances
Numerous dendrites to pass information to neighbouring nerve cells

23
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Give a specialisation of a muscle cell

Contain mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for contracting

24
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Give a specialisation of a root hair cell

Root Hair increases the surface area for efficient water uptake
Large permanent vacuole to maintain water potential

25
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Give a specialisation of a xylem cell

Lignin builds up in the cell wall increasing the strength of the xylem allowing them to withstand the water pressure
The Xylem cells die forming long hollow tubes that allow water move with little resistance up the plant

26
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Give a specialisation of a phloem cell

Cell walls between neighbouring cells breaks down to form sieve plates that allow water to move freely
Phloem cells have relatively few organelles but are kept alive by companion cells

27
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When do most types of animal cells differentiate?

At an early stage

28
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What is different about when most type of plant and animal cells differentiate?

Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life

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In mature animals what is cell division for?

Repair and Replacement

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What do we call a cell that has differentiated?

A specialised cell

31
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What is the definition for magnification?

How many times bigger an object appears

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What is the definition for resolution?

The ability to distinguish between two separate points

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Which has a higher resolving power? An electron or light microscope

Electron microscope

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Why are electron microscopes more useful

They can study cells in much finer detail and see more sub-cellular structures

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What formula links magnification, size of image and size of real object

Magnification = Size of image/Size of real object

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Which type of microscope has a higher magnification

Electron microscope

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What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

Genetic Information / Chromosomes

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What are chromosomes made from?

DNA molecules

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In body cells how are the chromosomes normally found?

In pairs

40
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Cells divide in a series of stages. What is this called?

The cell cycle

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What happens in the first stage of the cell cycle?

The number of sub-cellular structures increases
The DNA replicates
The cell increases in mass

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What happens in the second stage of the cell cycle?

Mitosis occurs
The chromosomes are pulled to each
end of the cell
The nucleus divides

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What happens in the third stage of the cell cycle?

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells

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What is mitosis important for?

Growth and development

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How many cells are produced in mitosis?

2

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What are the cells produced in mitosis like?

Identical

47
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What is a stem cell?

An undifferentiated cell of an organism which can become other types of cell

48
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Where are the two main sources of human stem cells?

Embryos
Adult Bone Marrow

49
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In which type of plant tissue do you find cells that can differentiate into any type of plant cell?

Meristem

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What conditions could treatment with stem cells help?

Diabetes and Paralysis

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What is produced in therapeutic cloning?

An embryo with the same genes as the patient

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What is the advantage of using stem cells from embryos for medical treatment?

They will not be rejected from the patient

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What are the risks of using stem cells?

The transfer of viral infections

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What can the stem cells from meristems in plants be used for?

To produce clones of plants quickly and economically

55
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How can rare species of plants benefit from meristem tissue?

Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction

56
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How can crop plants benefit from meristem tissue?

Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers

57
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What is the definition of diffusion?

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration

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What substances may be transported into animal cells?

Oxygen

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What substance my be transported out of animal cells?

Carbon dioxide, Urea

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Which factors affect the rate of diffusion?

The difference in concentration
The temperature
The surface area of the membrane

61
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What is the surface area : volume ratio like in a single celled organism?

High

62
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How are the small intestines adapted as exchange surfaces

Villi to increase the surface area

63
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How are the lungs adapted as exchange surfaces?

Alveoli to increase the surface area
Lots of capillaries for efficient exchange Thin walls to provide a short pathway

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How are gills in fish adapted as exchange surfaces?

Excellent blood supply
Large surface area

65
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How are roots adapted as exchange surfaces?

Large surface area

66
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What increases the effectiveness of an exchange surface?

Large surface area
Thin membrane for short diffusion pathway
Efficient blood supply (animals)
Ventilated (Animals for gaseous exchange)

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What moves via osmosis?

Water

68
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What is the definition of osmosis?

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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What does osmosis require for it to occur?

Partially permeable membrane

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What is the definition of active transport?

Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient)

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What does active transport require?

Energy from respiration

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Where does active transport occur in plants?

Active transport occurs in the plant root hairs, allowing mineral ions to be absorbed from very dilute solutions in the
soil

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Why do plants require ions?

Healthy growth

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Where does active transport take place in humans?

It allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low concentrations in the gut into the blood

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Why do humans require sugar molecules?

Cellular respiration

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Where does the energy in active transport come from?

Respiration

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What do we call the process in which bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission

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How often will bacteria reproduce?

Once every 20 minutes

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When will bacteria reproduce?

Enough nutrients and suitable temperature

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Where can bacteria grow?

Nutrient broth or as colonies on an agar plate

81
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At what temperature should cultures be incubated at?

25oC

82
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What do we use to transfer microorganisms to the media?

Inoculating loops

83
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How do you sterilise the inoculating loop?

Passing through a flame

84
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How should the Petri dish be secured?

With adhesive tape on the side and stored upside down

85
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What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

Cells

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What is the definition of a tissue?

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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What is the definition of an organ?

An aggregation of tissues performing specific function

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What is an organ system?

A group of organs that work together

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What does a group of organ systems make?

An organism

90
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What is the name of the theory that describes how enzymes work?

The lock and key theory

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What is the name of the part of the enzyme that joins to the substrate?

Active Site

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What do digestive enzymes do?

Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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What does soluble mean?

A substance that can dissolve

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What do enzymes do?

Speed up chemical reactions

95
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Where is amylase produced?

Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Small Intestine

96
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Where is protease produced?

Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine

97
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Where is lipase produced?

Pancreas Small Intestine

98
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What does amylase break down?

Starch

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What do carbohydrases break down?

Carbohydrates to simple sugars

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What do proteases break down?

Proteins into amino acids