APUSH World War 1

Militarism

The policy of building up or creating a large military to have more and better weapons than other countries; glorification of war.

Alliance System

An agreement between two or more countries to help each other out and defend each other if attacked.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia (more of a friendship than a military pact).

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

Allies

Britain, France, Russia (U.S. eventually).

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Imperialism

When a stronger country extends its power and influence over a weaker country, which fueled competition among nations for additional territory and resources.

Nationalism

Extreme pride in one's country; belief that you are the best country in the world.

The Spark That Ignited the War

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip.

U.S. Neutrality

When the war broke out, the U.S. initially remained neutral.

Isolation Policy

U.S. traditionally had a policy of isolation except when drawn into war (dates to Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality & Farewell Address).

U.S. as a Nation of Immigrants

U.S. has people who can trace their roots to both sides.

U.S. Mediation

U.S. can mediate an end to the war (similar to T.R. during the Russo-Japanese War).

U.S. Trade Relationship

Supplying materials for both sides would benefit the U.S. economically.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's policy of sinking Allied passenger liners carrying Americans who were killed or injured.

Lusitania

An Allied passenger liner sunk by Germany, leading to American casualties.

Arabic

Another passenger liner sunk by Germany, contributing to U.S. anger.

Sussex

A passenger liner sunk by Germany that led to the violation of the Sussex Pledge.

Sussex Pledge

Germany's promise not to attack neutral ships and/or passenger liners without warning.

Zimmermann Note/Telegram

Proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany sent by German Ambassador Arthur Zimmermann.

Anti-German Propaganda

Published in the U.S. due to British control of the seas and communication.

Loans to Allies

American bankers loaned over 2 billion dollars to the Allies prior to U.S. entrance into the war.

J.P. Morgan

Led the charge in loaning money to the Allies.

Nye Commission

Created in 1934 to investigate claims that arms manufacturers influenced America's decision to enter WWI.

Neutrality Acts

Passed in the mid-1930s as a result of the Nye Commission's findings.

Russian Revolution

Once Russia withdraws from the war, it becomes critical for the U.S. to join the Allies or the Germans with their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare are likely to break the British naval blockade and win the war.

April 2, 1917

President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war after the Germans violated the Sussex Pledge and attacked American merchant ships.

Wilson's Declaration

With the fear of communism spreading around the world, Wilson declares U.S. entrance into the war is to make 'the world safe for democracy'.

Total War

U.S. engages in a total war during WWI---All the country's resources will focus on the war effort---shift from consumer products to war-time production.

Voluntary Rationing

It includes voluntary rationing of products by citizens.

Transportation Control

The government took over control of transportation (Railroad and Shipping Boards established) to ensure that the war-related materials reached the Allies overseas.

War Revenue Act (1917)

The U.S. government was able to raise over $33 billion to finance the war through income taxes (income, corporate, & luxury) and 'liberty bond' campaigns.

Selective Service Act

Passed in 1917 to help increase the number of soldiers to fight in the war; a draft was instituted for men between the ages of 21 and 30.

American Expeditionary Force

Only about ½ of the American Expeditionary Force (Doughboys) led by General John Pershing saw active duty in the war, because they had to be trained before sending them overseas.

War Production Board

Government agency formed to oversee the shift from consumer made products to war-time production; Headed up by Bernard Baruch.

National War Labor Board

Its goal was to prevent work stoppages or slowdowns due to strikes by labor unions.

Food Administration

Headed up by Herbert Hoover; It encouraged conservation of products (Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, etc.) as well as encouraged Americans to plant 'victory gardens'.

Fuel Administration

Led to the introduction of 'daylight savings time' to conserve fuel, in particular coal, for the war effort.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency headed by George Creel that censored information about the war and created propaganda campaigns (pro-American; anti-German).

Rise of Nativism

American Protective League 'Hate the Hun' campaigns attacked all things German.

Espionage Act of 1917

Up to 20 years in prison for attempts to incite rebellion in military or to protest the draft.

Sedition Act 1918

Banned protests and criticism of draft, U.S. government, Constitution & war production: 2,000 arrested including Eugene Debs, who was sentenced to prison for 10 years.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act, Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes ruled freedom of speech can be limited when presenting a 'clear and present danger' to public safety.

FBI

Led to the creation of the FBI.

Prohibition Support

Support for Prohibition increased (associated with Germans & Irish).

Unemployment

Unemployment virtually disappeared.

Big Government

Expansion of 'big government' & close cooperation between public & private sectors - foundation for New Deal.

Women's Job Opportunities

More job opportunities for women once men go off to war; women worked on the U.S. Homefront in various ways including as nurses, phone operators, and secretaries in the Army and Navy.

19th Amendment

As women worked and volunteered, it convinced President Wilson & Congress to support the 19th Amendment.

Cult of Domesticity

Most women were replaced once the soldiers returned home (cult of domesticity).

Mexican Migration

Increased migration of Mexicans to work in agriculture & mining in Southwest.

Great Migration

African Americans also had more job opportunities & increased 'Great Migration' to North: black population rose in Northeast from 385,000 in 1900 to 1.2 million by 1930, and in Midwest from 496,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million by 1930.

Jim Crow Laws

The South still possessed Jim Crow laws and lynchings were prevalent.

Segregated Troops

African Americans who joined the war effort fought in segregated troops (i.e. Harlem Hell Fighters) in hopes of changing white attitudes about African-Americans and leading to equality (Double V campaign).

Race Riots

Race riots occur.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant attitude developed (rise of nativism) because of propaganda campaign by the Creel Committee.

KKK Resurgence

Led to a resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s along with the 1st Red Scare and stronger immigration restrictions.

Post-WWI Power

The U.S. will emerge as the greatest economic and military power in the post-WWI era.

Wilson's Peace Plan

Wilson insisted in 1917 of 'peace without victory' and drafted a peace plan known as the Fourteen Points.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's Fourteen Points include Freedom of the Seas, No Secret Treaties, Arms Reduction, an 'imperial adjustment to all colonial claims'/Territorial Resolutions, Self-determination, and General Association of Nations (League of Nations).

Treaty of Versailles

The Big Four: President Woodrow Wilson (US), Prime Minister David Lloyd George (GB), Premier Georges Clemenceau (France), Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy).

War-Guilt Clause

'War-Guilt' clause and $32.5 billion in reparations to GB & France.

Disarmament of Germany

Germany disarmed and stripped of colonies in Asia & Africa, French occupation of Alsace & Lorraine, Rhine River de-militarized, Saar Basin taken over by the Allies.

Territorial Changes

German, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian & Russian territories carved up among Allies (except U.S.), Independence of Baltic states, Finland & Poland, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia.

League of Nations

League of Nations created---Article X each member to protect independence and territorial integrity of other nations.

Isolationism

Many Americans hoped to return to a policy of isolationism after WWI.

Partisan Politics

Political differences jeopardizing both the Treaty of Versailles as well as the League of Nations.

Republican Opposition

Republicans led by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to treaty & Wilson.

Irreconcilables

'Irreconcilables' opposed U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Reservationists

'Reservationists' led by Lodge demanded modified version of Treaty; it would supersede Congress's power to declare war (Article X).

Wilson's Stroke

President Wilson attempted to tour the U.S. to encourage the American people to pressure Congress to at least approve U.S. entrance into the League of Nations. While doing so, he suffered a stroke.

Congress Vote

Congress voted down both the Treaty of Versailles and U.S. entrance into the League of Nations.

Separate Peace Treaties

U.S. negotiated separate peace treaties with the Central Powers and vetoed joining the League of Nations.