Chapter 12 Learning Outcomes - Principles of Biology I

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to Chapter 12 Learning Outcomes in Principles of Biology I, focusing on the cell cycle, mitosis, and related cellular structures.

Mitotic phase

The part of the cell cycle where mitosis occurs, leading to the division of the cell into two daughter cells.

G1 phase

The first gap phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins required for DNA replication.

S phase

The phase in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes.

G2 phase

The second gap phase in the cell cycle where the cell prepares for mitosis by synthesizing necessary proteins and organelles.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibers connect to kinetochores.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes de-condense and the nuclear envelope re-forms.

Metaphase plate

The equatorial plane in a dividing cell where chromosomes align during metaphase.

Spindle apparatus

The structure made of microtubules that segregates chromosomes during mitosis.

Kinetochores

Protein structures on the centromere of chromosomes where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.

Centrosomes

Organelles that serve as the main microtubule organizing centers during cell division.

Centromeres

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined and where kinetochores form.

Cytokinesis

The process following mitosis that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

Cleavage furrow

The indentation that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells, leading to cell separation.

Cell plate

The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells to separate the two daughter cells.

G0 phase

A quiescent phase where cells exit the cell cycle and stop dividing.

Cell cycle control points

Regulatory checkpoints in the cell cycle that prevent uncontrolled division and ensure proper sequence of events.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled manner to eliminate unnecessary or dysfunctional cells.