Social Science Section III: Social and Cultural Upheaval (ACADEC '25-'26)
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483 Terms
Who was married to Robert Staughton Lynd?
Helen Merell Lynd
When did the Lynds start looking for a "typical" American city?
The early 1920s
Why did the Lynds look for a "typical" American city?
They wanted a focus for an ambitious sociological study
What city did the Lynds settle on for their study?
Muncie, Indiana
Where is Muncie located in Indiana?
Central Indiana fifty miles northeast of Indianapolis
How many residents did Muncie have when the Lynds conducted their study?
40,000
When did the Lynds publish their research?
1929
What was the name of the study the Lynds published?
Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
What pseudonym did the Lynds give Muncie?
Middletown
Why did the Lynds give Muncie a pseudonym?
To protect their subjects identities, project scientific objectivity, and underscore the community's representative quality
What did Middletown provide a fascinating snapshot of?
A society in flux
What reviews described those given by critics?
Rave
What did the Lynds' analyzing the changing patterns of life in Muncie illuminate?
The broader class, religious, and gender divisions
What produced starkly divergent lifestyles and opportunities in Muncie?
A growing wealth gap
Who rose earlier in Muncie, according to the Lynds?
Working class rose far earlier than middle-class
What did the Lynds observe a general decline in at Muncie?
Religious observance
What made Muncie an ill-suited gauge for the era's major cultural trends?
Indiana had one of the lowest percentages of foreign-born residents in the nation in 1920, and Muncie attracted far fewer immigrants than industrial cities
What percentage of Muncie's population was African-American??
5%
What cities had a proportionately lower African-American population than Muncie?
Chicago, Detroit, and New York
Why did Muncie become a hotbed for the KKK?
They promoted Muncie as the "real" America
What is the Ku Klux Klan?
A white supremacist vigilante organization that mixed vicious anti-Semitism and anti-Catholic bigotry with anti-Black racism
What percentage of residents in Muncie was a part of the KKK at the time of the Lynds' study?
1 out of 12 residents
What did Muncie have more in Klansmen than?
They had more Klansmen than Catholics
How many Klansmen marched through Muncie's downtown in 1924?
2,000
When did 30,000 Klansmen march Pennsylvania Avenue?
August 1925
How many Klansmen paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue?
30,000
Where is Pennsylvania Avenue?
Washington, D.C.
What did the original KKK form in the aftermath of?
Aftermath of Civil War
What President ordered federal troops to crush the original KKK?
President Ulysses S. Grant
When was "Birth of a Nation" published?
1915
Who published "Birth of a Nation"?
D.W. Griffith
Who praised "Birth of a Nation"?
President Woodrow Wilson
Where was "Birth of a Nation" notably screened?
White House
What was "Birth of a Nation"?
A romanticized epic that glorified the original KKK as righteous defenders of Southern white womanhood
When did a small group of men gather at Stone Mountain, Georgia?
1915
Where did a small group of men gather in 1915?
Stone Mountain, Georgia
What did the men that met at Stone Mountain, Georgia dedicate themselves to?
Rebuilding the KKK while refashioning it as a national political force
Who was the Imperial Wizard of the KKK?
Hiram Wesley Evans
How did Hiram Wesley Evans summarize the KKK's mission?
"Native, white, Protestant supremacy"
How much did KKK membership increase between 1920 and 1925?
5 million
What regions of the U.S. did the KKK extend its influence to?
South, Midwest, and Pacific Northwest
What fast-growing cities did the KKK extend its influence to?
Detroit and Chicago
What percentage of the eligible population of Detroit and Chicago had joined the KKK by 1925?
15%
How many KKK members lived in Indiana?
250,000
What was special about the KKK in Indiana?
It was the largest private organization in the state
What party did the KKK control for most of the 1920s in Indiana?
The Republican Party
Who owed their Indiana seats to the KKK for most of the 1920s?
The governor, half of the state's general assembly, and both U.S. Senators
Who was the Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan?
David Curtis Stephenson
What was a nickname for Indiana?
The Hoosier State
How did David Curtis Stephenson boost KKK Indiana membership?
By applying modern sales tactics to the organization
What did David Curtis Stephenson sell in carloads, according to one journalist?
Fright, just as he had coal
In what state did the KKK dominate state government and backed anti-Catholic legislation mandating public school attendance?
Oregon
What was the KKK's wartime slogan"
"100 percent Americanism"
How did the KKK enter the 1920s culture war?
Backers of Prohibition, moral crusaders against prostitution and government corruption, fundamentalist opponents of evolution, and vocal nativist supporters of immigration restriction
What's the most direct way to U.S. citizenship?
Birthright
What Amendment established birthright citizenship?
14th Amendment
When did the Supreme Court affirm the citizenship of Wong Kim Ark?
1898
Where was Wong Kim Ark born?
San Francisco
Where were Wong Kim Ark's parents from?
China
What are the two main ways to U.S. citizenship?
Birthright citizenship or naturalization
What part of the Constitution defined naturalization?
Article I, Section 8
Beginning in what year had legislation tied U.S. citizenship to race by specifying that eligibility for naturalization was open to "any free white person"?
1790
What did the revised 1870 Naturalization Act extend naturalization to?
Immigrants of African descent
When was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1882
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
Barred Chinese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens
Where was Takao Ozawa from?
Japan
How old was Takao Ozawa when he immigrated to the U.S.?
19
Where did Takao Ozawa go to college?
The University of California
Where did Takao Ozawa settle after graduating college?
Hawaii
How did Takao Ozawa describe his skin?
Having a "transparent pink tint"
When was Ozawa v. United States?
November 1922
How did the court respond to Ozawa's arguments?
They rejected them, because physical traits were unreliable in establishing a person's race
What race was Ozawa a part of?
Mongolian
When was the United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind decided?
February 1923
Where was Bhagat Singh Thind born?
The Punjab region in Northern British India
What war did Bhagat Singh Thind fight with distinction in?
WWI
How did the government classify Thind?
"A high caste Hindu of full Indian blood"
What did the government newly include on the 1930 Census?
"Hindu" as a racial category, regardless of faith
What religion was Thind?
Sikh
What did Thind argue in his trial?
He was indisputably "Caucasian"
What did the evidence Thind argued in his trial suggest?
The Aryan race had originated in ancient India
How many immigrants arrived on American shores from 1901 to 1920?
14.1 million immigrants
Where did people who immigrated to America in the 19th century originate?
Northern and Western Europe
Where did people in the second wave of immigration to America originate?
Southern and Eastern Europe
What kind of people boosted America's Irish Catholic population?
Italians, Poles, Slovaks, and Hungarians
By what year was Roman Catholicism the single largest Christian denomination in the country?
1906
How many members did Roman Catholicism have in 1906?
14 million members
How many Eastern European Jews immigrated to the U.S. between 1890 to 1924?
2 and a half million
What's the Yiddish word for town?
Shtetls
Where did Eastern European jews hail from?
Tsarist Russia's Pale of Settlement and various territories controlled by Austro-Hungarian Empire
Why did Jewish immigrants flee?
Because of economic impoverishment, legal discrimination, and violent religious persecution
How many Jews called New York City home in 1910?
More than 1 million
Where did the majority of Jews live in New York City?
Crowded tenements in Manhattan's Lower East Side
Where was the largest and most densely populated Jewish community in the world in 1910?
Manhattan
When was Leo Frank lynched?
1915
What did Leo Frank own?
A Jewish factory
What was Leo Frank falsely accused of?
Murdering a young girl
What represented the most overt and violent expression of anti-Jewish hate?
The lynching of Leo Frank
What newspaper did Henry Ford have?
Dearborn Independent
What did Henry Ford routinely publish in Dearborn Independent?
Conspiracy theories concerning supposed Jewish plots to control international finance and dominate world politics