flash cards units 1-9 apush

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of goods, people, ideas, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was the encomienda system?

A Spanish system where colonists used Native labor in exchange for "civilizing" them.

Who was Bartolomé de Las Casas?

A Spanish priest who criticized Native American enslavement and abuse.

How did maize cultivation affect Native societies?

It allowed them to build complex, settled civilizations.

What characterized the Chesapeake Colonies?

A tobacco-based economy, use of indentured servants, and later African slavery.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

An early agreement for self-government among Pilgrims.

What is mercantilism?

The idea that colonies exist to benefit the mother country economically.

What caused Bacon’s Rebellion?

Poor farmers rebelled against Native policies and colonial elites, leading to increased use of African slavery.

What was a result of the French and Indian War?

British debt, leading to new colonial taxes and tension.This conflict shifted global power, ultimately igniting colonial discontent and contributing to the American Revolution.

What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?

It prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which created a weak central government and was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789. too weak to enforce laws or tax.

What is judicial review?

The Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison). mucholloch vs maryland = federal law trumps state law

What was Jacksonian Democracy?

: A political movement expanding democracy to white men and using the spoils system.

What was the Market Revolution?

A period of economic transformation in the early 19th century characterized by the rise of industrialization, changes in agriculture, and the expansion of transportation networks. A shift from local subsistence to national market and industry-based economy.

Monroe Doctrine

It warned European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

What was the American System?

: Henry Clay’s plan for tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure to unify the economy.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand coast to coast. westward expansion was seen as divine right and duty of americans

What did the Dred Scott case decide?

That enslaved people were property, not citizens, and could not sue.

What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

It freed enslaved people in Confederate states.

What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?

A government agency that assisted formerly enslaved people after the Civil War.

What ended Reconstruction?

The Compromise of 1877, which pulled federal troops out of the South.

What is the Gilded Age?

A period of economic growth and industrialization marked by political corruption and income inequality.

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

: An economic philosophy that opposes government interference in business.

What were political machines?

Organizations that provided services in exchange for votes, often corrupt (e.g., Tammany Hall).

What was the goal of labor unions like the Knights of Labor and the AFL?

To improve wages, hours, and working conditions for workers.

What was the Populist Party's platform?

Help farmers through silver coinage, regulation of railroads, and a graduated income tax.

What was Progressivism?

A reform movement aiming to fix the social, political, and economic problems of the Gilded Age.

What did the Roosevelt Corollary do?

It justified U.S. intervention in Latin America to keep European powers out.

What was the Great Migration?

The movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities during WWI and WWII.

What was the New Deal?

FDR’s program to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

What ended the Great Depression?

Increased government spending for World War II.

What was the Cold War?

A geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union over ideology, influence, and arms.

What was containment?

U.S. policy to prevent the spread of communism (e.g., Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan).

What was McCarthyism?

A campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. during the early Cold War.

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

A movement to end segregation and achieve racial equality, marked by actions like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington.

What were the Great Society programs?

LBJ’s initiatives to reduce poverty and racial injustice (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, education reform).

What was Reaganomics?

Ronald Reagan’s economic policy of tax cuts, deregulation, and reducing social spending.

What ended the Cold War?

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 due to internal reforms and external pressures.

What was the War on Terror?

U.S. military and security efforts after 9/11 to combat terrorism globally, including wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

: How did technology change the U.S. in the 21st century?

It revolutionized communication, the economy, and global connections, leading to a service-based economy.

What major social movements emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries?

LGBTQ+ rights, women's rights, immigration reform, and racial justice movements like Black Lives Matter.