The Protestant Reformation: Luther and Calvinism

Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

Luther's objections to Church practices nailed to a door.

Indulgences

Payments for absolution from sin's punishments.

Simony

The selling of church offices for profit.

Sola Fide

The belief that faith alone grants salvation.

Excommunication

Being excluded from the Church and its sacraments.

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

Women's Literacy

Luther promoted women's ability to read the Bible.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who followed John Calvin's teachings.

John Calvin

French theologian who reformed Geneva's religious community.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's foundational work on Protestant theology.

Elect

Those predestined by God to attain salvation.

Protestant Work Ethic

Belief that hard work indicates God's favor.

Reformed Church of Scotland

Calvinist church led by John Knox in Scotland.

Puritans

English reformers seeking to purify the Church of England.

Plain Living

Calvinist lifestyle emphasizing simplicity and humility.

Governance by Elders

Church leadership structure in Calvinist communities.

Social Impact of Lutheranism

Luther's teachings influenced clergy and women's roles.

Protestant Women's Roles

Limited leadership opportunities compared to Catholic women.

Political Leaders' Support

German leaders sided with Luther against papal power.

Calvinism Offshoots

Various movements stemming from Calvin's teachings.