angle of inclination

normal angle of inclination varies with

age, sex, development

angle if inclination is the lines

through the fovea and through the shaft

angle of inclination in adults

125 - 130

angle of inclination in children

150

decreased angle of inclination

less force required by abductors to resist gravity during single leg stance (shorter leg)

coxa vara = ____ angle of inclination

decreased

coxa vara may result in

trendelenburg gait, higher incidence of fractures and OA

coxa

hip

genu

knee

coxa vara typically a _____ problem

unilateral

coxa vara can cause compensatory issue at knee:

genu valgus

increased angle of inclination

shortens moment arm of abductors, decreases mechanical advantage, abductors exert greater force to counter gravity during single leg stance, increase joint compression, compromise stability (longer leg)

coxa valga = _____ angle of inclination

increased

coxa valga may result in

increased incidence of femoral head dislocation (femur displaced shaft abducted), walk w/ ER, painful hip, limited hip adduction

coxa valga typically a _____ problem

bilateral

coxa valga can coincide with

cerebral palsy, growth plate disruption (trauma)

angle of torsion

axis of head and neck to femoral condyles

typical angle of torsion in adults

15 degrees

excessive anteversion

When the angle of torsion is greater than 15 degrees (pidgeon toed), head of femur more forward

typical angle of torsion in children

30 degrees, closer to 15 at 8years old

retroversion

When the angle is less than 15 degrees (toeing out), neck of femur angled backwards

retro

back

ante

forward

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)

ball of head of femur is not aligned- slips back, Torn Labrum

sleeping on your stomach increases chance of _____ and w-sitting increases chance of ____

retroversion; anteversion

vara/varum

pathological decrease in angle

valga/valgus

pathological increase in angle

Valgum: tibia moving ___  Q angle ____: compressive forces on the ____ knee-meniscus. OA lateral compartment, medial compartment stretching MCL

away; increased; lateral

Varum: bowlegged tibia moving ____: Q angle ____: compression at ____ knee- meniscus, OA medial, stretch lateral side, LCL

inward; decreased; medial

Q-angle

the angle between the quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon

In women the Q angle should be _____ degrees with knee extension, In men: ____

less than 22; less than 18 degrees

Increased Q angle may

increase the lateral pull on the patella and potentially add more stress on the ACL leading to injury: theory that increases issues with females at the ACL

What affects Q angle:

femoral anteversion, tibial torsion, Genu valgum