TB2: Toxicology

Which ONE of the following is the toxic phase I metabolite of paracetamol?

A. N-acetyl-p-benzo quinoneimine

B. mercapturic acid

C. sulphate conjugate

D. glucuronide conjugate

E. glutathione

A. N-acetyl-p-benzo quinoneimine

The inhibition of which ONE of the following enzymes is primarily responsible for malathion toxicity?

A. monoamine oxidase A

B. monoamine oxidase B

C. acetylcholinesterase

D. catalase

E. superoxide dismutase

C. acetylcholinesterase

Which ONE of the following functional groups is added to the phase I metabolite of aspirin during the phase II conjugation reaction?

A. methyl

B. sulphyl

C. glucoronyl

D. acetyl

E. glycyl

C. glucoronyl

Which ONE of the following CYP450 enzymes metabolises parathion to paraoxon during phase I metabolism?

A. CYP2C19

B. CYP2A3

C. CYP3A2

D. CYP1C13

E. CYP3C3

A. CYP2C19

Which ONE of the following complexes within the mitochondrial electron transport chain is targeted by cyanide?

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. V

D. IV

Which ONE of the following enzymes metabolises the methanol and ethylene glycol present in anti-freeze?

A. alcohol deaminase

B. alcohol oxidase

C. alcohol primase

D. alcohol sulfotransferase

E. alcohol dehydrogenase

E. alcohol dehydrogenase

During pre-formulation, we tend to analyse the bulk characteristics of a new chemical entity. Which of the following bulk characteristics do we analyse?

A. Crystallinity and polymorphism

B. Odour

C. Compatibility with other excipients

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

When determining the dissolution of a new chemical compound, which of the following is TRUE?

A. It is always measured in g/mL

B. It depends on pH and lipophilicity of the compound

C. It depends on the crystal structure and the particle size of the compound

D. It is a static process

E. It is a measure we conduct on the pure unaltered drug

B. It depends on pH and lipophilicity of the compound

When evaluating the partition coefficient, P, of a drug, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A. If p > 1, the drug is lipophilic and will partition in the lipid membranes

B. If p >1, the drug is hydrophilic and will partition in the lipid membranes

C. A log P > 0, means the drug is lipophilic

D. A log P < 0, means the drug is hydrophilic

E. None of the above

B. If p >1, the drug is hydrophilic and will partition in the lipid membranes

With regards to factors that can influence dissolution:

A. The larger the particle size of a compound, the larger the surface area and thus the faster the dissolution

B. Metastable polymorphs have a higher energy state than amorphous compounds, so they are likely to solubilise and dissolve faster

C. The drug formulation type does not determine the surface area nor the solubility of a compound

D. Since the state of gastrointestinal agitation affects the stagnant layer of the Noyes Whitney dissolution model, the faster the agitation rate, the faster the rate of dissolution of drug compounds.

E. Converting acidic and basic drug compounds to their salt form will only hinder their dissolution

D. Since the state of gastrointestinal agitation affects the stagnant layer of the Noyes Whitney dissolution model, the faster the agitation rate, the faster the rate of dissolution of drug compounds.

Why is studying the chemical degradation of a drug important?

A. They are inherently reactive and so, physical degradation of the final dosage form may also occur

B. Degradation can cause a reduction in the effective dose

C. Degradation can lead to toxic by-products which can cause unwanted side-effects and adverse drug reactions in patients

D. Degradation can lead to the final product looking unappealing and thus affect compliance with the medicine

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

From statements i – vi which ONE of the following statements A - E is TRUE?

i. Basic drugs accumulate in acidic environments

ii. Basic drugs accumulate in basic environments

iii. Acidic drugs accumulate in basic environments

iv. Acidic drugs accumulate in acidic environments

v. Acidic drugs accumulate in any environment vi. Basic drugs accumulate in any environment

A. Statements v and vi are correct

B. Statements ii and iv are correct

C. Statements i and iii are correct

D. Statements i and v are correct

E. Statements iv and vi are correct

C. Statements i and iii are correct

Which ONE of the following best describes the shape of an antibody?

A. X

B. Y

C. Z

D. A

B. Y

Which ONE of the following describes what happens to the "therapeutic window" when using an antibody drug conjugate?

A. Nothing

B. Increases

C. Decreases

D. Rotates

B. Increases

Which ONE of the following is the molecular weight of an antibody?

A. 150 Da

B. 15KDa

C. 105KDa

D. 150KDa

D. 150KDa

Which ONE of the following is NOT found on an antibody?

A. Antigen Binding Site

B. Fc portion

C. Medium Chain

D. Heavy Chain

C. Medium Chain

Which ONE of the following is used to attach the drugs to the antibody in a Bioconjugation reaction?

A. Binder

B. Linker

C. Chain

D. Label

B. Linker

Sn2 Substituted attachment of a functionalised drug payload is carried out through which ONE of the following amino acid residues?

A. Glycine

B. Lysine

C. Proline

D. Tyrosine

E. Serine

B. Lysine

What ONE of the following is a popular enzyme label for ELISA assays?

A. Horseradish peroxidase

B. Bovine serum albumin

C. Beta Gamma Globulin

D. Glucose 6 phosphate

A. Horseradish peroxidase

Which of the following are the TWO main areas of Bioconjugate use?

A. Affinity and Solubility

B. Therapy and Diagnostics

C. Lateral flow and ELISA

D. HRP and Substrate

B. Therapy and Diagnostics