Cellular Accumulations

what is excessive production

accumulates faster than can get rid of

what are the reasons production cannot be removed

problems metabolizing, packaging, and excreting

what organ is extremely important in lipid metabolism

liver

what are causes of hepatic lipidosis

increased mobilization of free fatty acids

abnormal hepatocellular metabolism of lipids

impaired release of lipoproteins

how can lipid accumulation be confirmed

histochemical stains Sudan Black or Oil-Red-O

what does liver with lipid accumulation look like

swollen with rounded edges

yellow/ yellow-brown

greasy to touch

what is being shown in this liver **

lipid accumulation

where does glycogen accumulation occur

liver and skeletal muscle cells

what does liver with glycogen accumulation look like

enlarged with rounded edges

pale, light brown

mottled in appearance

what is being shown in this liver **

glycogen accumulation

what will you see histologically with glycogen accumulation

swollen/ enlarged hepatocytes

what special stain can be used to identify glycogen accumulation

PAS with diastase

what will you see histologically with lipid accumulation

colorless punctate cytoplasmic vacuoles

what can cause protein accumulation

increased resorption, storage, or production

what color do proteins normally stain

pink to orange

what is being shown in image A**

protein accumulation

what is being shown in image B**

crystalline protein

what is being shown in image C**

viral inclusions

what is being shown in image D**

lead inclusion bodies

what is amyloidosis

protein misfolding disorder converting them into insoluble non-functional aggregrates

where are amyloid deposits frequently found

blood vessels, basement membranes, spleen

what is the mechanisms of amyloidosis

1. propagation of misfolded proteins that self replicate

2. accumulation of misfolded precursor peptides with failure to degrade them

3. genetic mutations which promote protein misfolding

4. protein overproduction because of abnormality of proliferation in synthesizing cells

5. loss of chaperone molecules or other essential components of protein assembly process

what are the types of amyloidosis

AL amyloid

AA amyoid

beta-amyloid

when are AL amyloid secreted

B cell proliferative disorders

when will you see beta-amyloid amyloidosis

dogs with cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's

what occurs in AA amyloid

liver secretes serum amyloid A during inflammation

what is serum amyloid A

inflammatory protein

if chronic, can cause a misfolding cascade

what animals have hereditary amyloidosis

Shar Pei

Abyssinian cats

what is being shown in this liver**

amyloidosis

how to diagnose amyloidosis

iodine stain (appears black)

congo red stain --> shows apple-green perfringence

what is being shown**

amyloidosis

what is gout

deposition of sodium urate crystals extracellularly in tissue

what causes gout

dehydration

renal failure

excess protein intake

what is being shown in this foot**

gout

what is being shown in this reptile**

gout

what is being shown in this snake

visceral gout

cholesterol crystals form at

sites of necrosis and elicit granulomatous inflammation

what does cholesterol accumulation look like on histology

needle shaped clefts

what is being shown **

cholesterol accumulation

what is fibrosis

collagen deposition (type I) in interstitium of organs or tissues

what is fibrosis a result of

necrosis or inflammation

part of healing!

what is being shown in the pale pink matrix**

fibrosis

what is fatty infiltration

increase in number of adipocytes in organ or tissue

what causes fatty infiltration

obesity

certain cardiomyopathies

what is pathologic calcification

deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues

What is dystrophic calcification?

result of necrosis where intracellular calcium is released from sequestered places within cell or into extracellular space

What is metastatic calcification?

targets specific sites first

what causes metastatic calcification

calcium/phosphate imbalances!!

what is being shown in this heart

myocyte degeneration, necrosis, and mineralization

what is melanin

brown black intracellular pigment produced by melanocytes

what is albinism due to

lack of tyrosinase

what causes depigmentation

copper deficiency

chediak-higashi syndrome

what is congenital melanosis

non pathologic, just pigment

can happen to any organ

what is being shown on this brain**

congenital melanosis

what is lipofuscin

lipoprotein which accumulates in lysosomes

wear and tear pigment

what does lipofuscin stain

PAS positive

reacts with Sudan black and Oil Red O

what is being shown**

lipofuscin

what are ceroids

looks similar to lipofuscin but different biochemical composition

PATHOLOGIC

what causes ceroid

Vitamin E deficiency !

cachexia

lysosomal storage disease

what is being shown **

ceroid

what are carotenoids

fat soluble pigments from plants

precursor to vitamin A

how to differ carotenoids from icterus

check other parts of the body for pigmentation

what is being shown **

cartenoids

what is anthracosis

accumulation of carbon in tissues

what are common causes/ sites of carbon accumulation

skin after tattooing

inhalation of smoke or dust

tracheobronchial lymph nodes

what is being shown**

carbon accumulation

what is tetracycline

antibiotic that binds to calcium phosphate in teeth and bones

what discoloration with tetracycline cause

stain yellow initially, after exposure to light and oxidation turns brown

what is hemoglobin

normal red pigment of RBCs

what is methemoglobin

ferrous ion in hemoglobin that is converted to ferric ion

what does methemoglobin result in

brown colored blood

what is being shown on the left

methemoglobin

what is hemosiderin

formed from aggregates of ferritin

what is being shown on the left

hemosiderin

what is hematoiden

bright yellow brown to orange-red crystalline pigment derived from hemosiderin

does hematoidin contain iron

NO!!

what is bilirubin

results from RBC degradation in macrophages

what is icterus an accumulation of

bilirubin

what is porphyria

inherited metabolic defect in heme synthesis

deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase

what does porphyria result in

pink to red brown discoloration of dentin and bone

icterus can be

prehapatic

hepatic

posthepatic

can you have hyperbilirubinemia without icterus

YES!