reasons Scots enlisted in the army
-pals battalion (groups that let friends join together)
-boredom/sense of adventure (chance to see the world)
-chance to escape poverty (paid salary + given food & shelter)
-propaganda (mass persuasion/lots of posters)
-fear of the white feather (didn't want to be seen as a coward)
-thought the war would be over by christmas (didn't want to
miss out and all thought the war would last a couple
months)
-scottish tradition (family members may have been soldiers & scots had a rep of strong fighter that they wanted to maintain
trench conditions
-wet/muddy=trench foot=could lead to amputation
-shell shock=some went mad
-dead bodies-smell bad/low morale
-lice (infest clothes/hair make them itchy)
-poor quality drinking water led to trench mouth
-unsanitary conditions led to spread of diseases like typhoid + cholera
-rats-massive + stole food & spread diseases
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reasons Scots enlisted in the army
-pals battalion (groups that let friends join together)
-boredom/sense of adventure (chance to see the world)
-chance to escape poverty (paid salary + given food & shelter)
-propaganda (mass persuasion/lots of posters)
-fear of the white feather (didn't want to be seen as a coward)
-thought the war would be over by christmas (didn't want to
miss out and all thought the war would last a couple
months)
-scottish tradition (family members may have been soldiers & scots had a rep of strong fighter that they wanted to maintain
trench conditions
-wet/muddy=trench foot=could lead to amputation
-shell shock=some went mad
-dead bodies-smell bad/low morale
-lice (infest clothes/hair make them itchy)
-poor quality drinking water led to trench mouth
-unsanitary conditions led to spread of diseases like typhoid + cholera
-rats-massive + stole food & spread diseases
gas advantages
-caused blindness + psychological fear
-capable of disorientating or even killing enemy soldiers
-mustard gas, skin to blister & internal bleeding
tanks advantages
-used as cover for advancing troops
-crush barbed wire
-drive enemy into dugout to allow for easy capture of trenches
tanks disadvantages
-get stuck in mud
-soldiers become ill from engine
-very slow with top speed of 4mph
aircraft advantages
-drop flechettes on targets from above
-used for spying/gather intelligence on enemy position/defences
-drop bombs
aircraft disadvantages
-airplane guns not always effective, including jamming
-early planes were flimsy and dangerous to drive
machine guns advantages
-fire 400-600 bullets every minute
-kill large number of soldiers in a short period bc of quick firing
-easy to use
machine guns disadvantages
-overheated bc of speed at which they fired stopping them being completely useful
-heavy and could not be easily moved around the battlefield
gas disadvantages
-development of gas masks limited effectiveness of gas
-wind could blow gas back on own troops
artillery advantages
-difficult to defend against and caused more casualties than any other weapon
-up to 60% of western front soldier deaths were as a result of artillery fire
artillery disadvantages
-as soldiers advanced it was difficult to measure where to fire causing casualties to a sides own soldiers
-barrels of artillery cannons needed regularly replaced slowing down their use
defence of the realm act (DORA) CENSORSHIP RULES
-to stop info getting in wrong hands
-discussing military issues in public/spreading rumors was illegal
-newspapers were censored in what they were allowed to write about the war
DORA rules
-ppl forbidden from trespassing/loitering near bridges/tunnels
-patrol of mines & railways to help produce raw materials for war
-foreign ppl faced curfew/expected to register to live in Britain
-british summer time to give longer working hours
-pubs reduced opening hours & beer was watered down
-rationing (not allowed to feed spare food to animals such as horses + chickens etc.)
military tactics
-artillery (both sides firing at each other, large number of deaths)
-soldiers go "over the top" (mass attack when soldiers climb out of trenches and charge at the enemy)
-tanks (attack enemy and cover advancing troops across no mans land)
-trained snipers (hide in no mans land under camouflage & wait for an enemy soldier to lift his head out of the trench before shooting them causing fear)
-gas (soldiers exposed to gas would become disorientated or killed)
-building trenches & installing machine gun towers made it hard for enemies to advance)
-airplanes (spy on enemy positions + after guns, they became involved in dogfights too)
suffragist methods
-peaceful protests
-petitions to parliament (1910-250,000 signatures)
-newspaper 'the suffragist' + leaflets etc.
-worked with politicians (have them on their side + helped pro female suffrage candidates)
-processions (1907 'mud march')
suffragist success
-membership increased up to 100,000 members in 1913 & 500 branches nationwide
-maintained a "respectable" politician if given publicity
-large memberships=money->propaganda->influence
-friends with politicians
suffragist failure
-historians suggest that it was suffragETTE activity which caused the rise in suffragIST members
-being peaceful made it easy to be ignored
-lost essential political support from liberals in 1910
suffragette methods
-spit at policemen
-stone throwing/smashing windows to make insurance companies push the government
-imprisoned suffragettes started hunger strikes + give government bad publicity for force feeding
-cutting telegraph wires to disrupt communication
-pour acid on golf courses
-arson attacks
-blow up pillar boxes
-"slasher Mary" attacked paintings in national gallery
-burnt down David Lloyd George's house
-Emily Wilding Davison killed trying to pin a scarf to the kings horse at the 1913 derby
suffragette success
-brough much needed publicity to movement
-during the wild period, women's suffrage was discussed daily in parliament
-some politicians claimed they gave women the vote
suffragette failure
-maybe delayed women getting the vote bc the government could never give in to terrorist attacks
-choice of target was criticised (why shops?!) + annoyed public eg ripping suffragette posters
-violence lost public support (in 1910 the Times described them as "demented creatures")
-violence/tactics supported the idea that women were too emotional to vote
-pro female suffrage candidates did badly in by-elections
-caused divisions in campaign for women's suffrage
features of a trench
-barbed wire
-around 7ft deep
-sand bags
-duckboards
-ammunition shelf
-parapet
methods of recruitment
-propaganda (leaflets, posters, football)
-conscription
-pals battalions
-fear of white feather
why was conscription introduced
-number of volunteers were falling bc ppl were being told war horror stories
conscription timeline
-1915-national registration act: list of all men fit for military service
-1916-conscription introduced (military service act):single men between 18-41 years old could be forced to join army
-later 1916-a second act passed which extended conscription to married men
-1918-act raised the age to 51
exemptions from conscription
-medically unfit to serve in the forces
-those in reserved occupations (police, fireservice, teacher, coal miners, steelworkers and farmers)
-conscientious objectors
-those who would be adversely financially affected by serving in army
conscientious objectors reasons
-moral reasons: believed it was wrong to take a life(pacifists)
-religious reasons: taking part in war went against religion (Quakers)
-political: war only benefitted rich (socialists)
-16,000 in total
conchies service
-some pacifists agreed to perform non-combat service like stretcher bearers
-or other war work like ship building
conchies imprisonment and labour
-refused to do any other work (absolutists)->sent to prison + do hard labour
-very harsh conditions
conchies treatment in prison
-force fed
-tied in straight jackets
-beaten
-kept in filthy cells
-tortured
-fed on bread + water
scotland's loss
-of 557,000 Scots who enlisted in all services, 26.4% lost their lives
-city of Glasgow lost 18,000 men (1 in every 57)
-whole towns were devastated after single battles due to pals battalions being decimated
-e.g Macrae's(hearts) battalion-hearts players killed during the Somme
how to commemorate
-memorials built in every town + village
-remembrance day 11Nov minute silence (day the armistice was signed)
-poppy worn during November
-Scottish national war memorial in Edinburgh castle
-Imperial war graves commision-graves in areas such as france and belgium (soldiers buried where they fell)
what was propaganda used for
-convince men to enlist
-support rationing/help with food shortages
-encourage women to join workforce
-convincing families to support their men