research exam 1

Which branch of statistics uses sample data to make generalizations about a larger population?

Inferential statistics

Which measure of dispersion quantifies how much values deviate from the mean and is highly sensitive to outliers?

Standard deviation

A t-test assumes that the two groups being compared have…

data normally distributed
equal variances

observations independent of each other

You have collected heart-rate data during a dance class. Calculating the mean heart rate is an example of…

Descriptive statistics. A measure of central tendency

A researcher wants to know if a new conditioning program improves vertical jump. Conducting a t-test on pre- vs. post-program jump heights exemplifies…

Inferential statistics- paired sample t-test

Direct observation in dance science means the researcher…

watches and records behaviors in real time

Which phenomenon describes changes in participant behavior because they know they're observed?

Hawthorne Effect

Tests and measurements in dance science must be…

Reliable and valid. Tests and measurements should be able to be replicated and validated by others outside the study.

Informed consent is an application of which Belmont principle?

Respect for persons

Internal validity refers to

How confidently you can conclude the results of a study are caused by the variables being tested and no other factors. Addresses the trustworthiness of the data and procedures used.

Purposive sampling means…

A sampling method researchers use where they choose participants based on specific characteristics, knowledge, or experiences that may be relevant to the research rather than random sampling

A literature review in dance science should…

Describe what you already know about the topic and provide an overview and analysis

Review literature critically
Identify gaps in existing knowledge

You need to measure balance in dancers over time. To ensure reliability you should…

See if a single observer can make consistent assessments of the same phenomenon
See if two or more independent observers can achieve the same results as one another using the same methods/protocol.

Which research question is testable and appropriate for quantitative study

Relationships between variables
comparison between groups
frequency of a phenomenon

To maintain confidentiality of video data, a researcher should…

A researcher should assume ANY personal information that's been shared is confidential and should ONLY be used for the research project. Participants should be notified if there are any potential limitations on confidentiality. With video data, we can blur faces, mute audio, and make sure that names are not assigned to those in the video. Access to video data should be given on a need-to-know basis for the researchers, and video data should be deleted after the fact if the participant so chooses.

Participant observation allows the researcher to…

Fully emerge with the participants in their prescribed settings. It provides observation and participation of the group over a period of time. The researcher becomes familiar with the environment and builds a greater understanding of their behaviors and perspectives of the study.

Using a sample of dancers to predict average performance in the whole population is…

inferential statistics- using data from a sample to make a generalization about the population.

There are benefits and limitations for both Quantitative and Qualitative research approaches in Dance Science. List below one benefit and limitation according to the existing literature for QUANTITATIVE research

Benefit: provides objective, measurable data that allow for statistical analysis and generalization across populations

Limitation: lacks insight into subjective experiences of participants, including experiences, emotions, or artistic expression, which are critical to the intersection of dance and science

There are benefits and limitations for both Quantitative and Qualitative research approaches in Dance Science. List below one benefit and limitation according to the existing literature for QUALITATIVE research

Benefit: offers more in-depth understanding of participants' perceptions, motivations, and experiences

Limitation: Findings can be more difficult to generalize due to subjective nature of the data collected and small sample sizes

Briefly explain the Hawthorne effect and describe one strategy to minimize its impact in a dance laboratory.

The Hawthorne effect occurs when participants in a study act differently than what they "normally" would because they know they are being observed. One way to combat this in a dance setting would be to use blind sampling and not tell the dancers whether they are in the control group or experimental group.

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (1/3)

Respect for Persons. requires that researchers must protect participants autonomy and fully disclose all factors surrounding the study, both potential harms and benefits.
a) In a dance study using video recordings, we can use this principle by requiring written consent forms prior to starting the study that clearly states the purpose, potential risks, and ensures that participants understand that they are free to withdraw consent at any time along the study.

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (2/3)

Principle of Beneficence. researchers must protect participants' rights to freedom from harm and discomfort, as well as freedom from exploitation. Researchers must analyze and clearly state any potential risks and benefits in written consent forms.

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (2/3*)

a) We can use this principle in a study using videos of dancers by ensuring that their participation AND non-participation has zero effect on their standing within their dance program to avoid harm, and make sure that the study provides some sort of benefit for the dancers outside of this.

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (3/3)

Principle of Justice. refers to participants' rights to fair treatment and privacy. The selection of participants must be guided by the research question ONLY, no particular groups should be excluded. Right to privacy also falls under this principle, so researchers must protect any shared information in confidence

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (3/3*)

a) We can protect participants' right to privacy and fair treatment by using anonymity when videoing. We can ensure data anonymity by avoiding filming any identifying information like editing/cropping out faces and not assigning names to the dancers in the video data.

List the Belmont Report's three core principles and give one example of how each principle applies to a dance study involving video recording. (1/3*)

a) In a dance study using video recordings, we can use this principle by requiring written consent forms prior to starting the study that clearly states the purpose, potential risks, and ensures that participants understand that they are free to withdraw consent at any time along the study.