lymphatic system, immune system

Heavy chain

Light chain

Variable region

Constant region

antigen binding site

Area where B cells become immunocompetent.

Area where T cells become immunocompetent.

Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.

Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.

Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur.

First line of defense.

intact skin, mucous membranes

Second line of defense.

inflammatory response

Third line of defense.

immune response

Innate defense system.

Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes

Adaptive defense system.

immune response

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.

Memory cell

Absence results in no immune response.

T helper cell

Forms antibody-producing cells.

B cell

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells.

cytotoxic T cell

Slows or stops the immune response.

regulatory T cell

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response

IgG

Protects mucosal barriers

IgA

Involved in allergies.

IgE

Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor

IgD

First to peak during a primary immune response.

IgM

Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate

matter in a process called phagocytosis.

FALSE

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.

FALSE

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many

antigenic determinates.

FALSE

B cells must accomplish double recognition: they must simultaneously recognize self and

nonself to be activated.

FALSE

In a case of immediate hypersensitivity, the immune system responds with an allergic

response on the first exposure to the allergen

FALSE

Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate)

hypersensitivities.

FALSE

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________.

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.

natural killer cells

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

They become T helper cells.

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?

Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle

weakness.

Which of the following does NOT describe actions of interferon (IFN)?

IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.

A vaccine is effective because ________.

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary

response

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one.

Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

Vaccines work by

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Inflammation ________.

brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.

disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example

below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby

infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.

B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

Which of the following is true of antigens?

Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.

Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?

Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers

Allergens differ from antigens because ________.

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless

particle

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.

T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______.

that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis

Plasma cells ________.

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a

tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

antigenic

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

bone marrow

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

vasodilation

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will

eventually become cloned?

antigen

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

________.

haptens

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Interferons ________.

interfere with viral replication within cells

Regulatory T cells ________

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?

Antigens only come from microbes.

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract

other leukocytes into the area.

cytokines

Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?

mucous membranes

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

reactivity with an antibody

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

T-cell activation requires ________.

antigen binding and co-stimulation

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive

immunity by ________.

natural killer cells

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites,

enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed

________.

opsonization

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

elevated blood glucose

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells,

and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Fever ________.

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Immunocompetence ________.

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use

antibodies.

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

T helper cells ________.

function in the adaptive immune system activation

Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of

_________.

antibodies; histamine

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Select the correct statement about antigens.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the

formation of more than one antibody.

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

results in the formation of plasma cells

The primary immune response ________.

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________.

regulatory T cells

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen

Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of

microorganisms?

lectin pathway

Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Which statement is true about T cells?

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone

marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

IgG

Suppressor factors are ________ that suppress the immune system.

cytokines

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called ________

antibodies.

monoclonal

The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is ________.

allergy

Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells ________ the

immune system is activated.

before

Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the ________ are released unchecked, making

the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.

cytokines

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called ________.

pathogens

A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a

major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body are referred to as ________.

complement

he antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release

histamine and other chemicals is ________.

IgE