Cycloalkanes (Organic 3)

What are alkanes?

Saturated hydrocarbons with the general molecular formula CnH2n+2.

What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2.

How are hydrocarbons bonded?

By carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds.

What is an alkyl group?

An alkane with one hydrogen atom removed.

What is the I.U.P.A.C. naming convention for cycloalkanes?

Add the prefix cyclo- to the name of the alkane with the same number of carbons.

What occurs during halogenation?

A halogen atom is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane.

What are cis-trans isomers?

Stereoisomers of cycloalkanes that differ in the arrangement of substituents in space.

What is stereoisomerism?

Molecules with the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different arrangements of atoms in space.

What is the significance of staggered conformation in alkanes?

It minimizes electron repulsion and is the most stable arrangement.

What is the main product of the combustion of alkanes?

Carbon dioxide and water, along with heat energy.

What is the difference between a cis configuration and a trans configuration in cycloalkanes?

Cis has both substituents on the same side of the ring; trans has one substituent above and one below.

What is the chair conformation?

The most energetically favorable conformation for a six-membered ring.

What is released during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

Heat energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

What is created during the halogenation of an alkane?

An alkyl halide and hydrogen halide.

What makes hydrocarbons useful as fuels?

Their energy released during combustion.

What types of hydrocarbons can undergo combustion?

Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and other hydrocarbons.

What compound is formed when chloroethane and chloromethane are used as anesthetics?

They act rapidly but their effect is brief due to rapid evaporation.

What hazardous compounds are formed in swimming pools from chlorine?

Chloroform and trihalomethanes (THMs).

What causes the formation of cis-trans isomers in cycloalkanes?

The formation of cis-trans isomers is a consequence of the absence of free rotation around the carbon-carbon bonds in the ring structure.

What are conformations/conformers?

Conformations, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that result from rotation around single bonds.

How are chloroethane and chloromethane used in medicine?

as local anesthetics applied topically that act rapidly but have a brief effect due to rapid evaporation.

What is Halothane?

It’s a general anesthetic that is administered by inhalation.