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Monophyletic
A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.
Diploblasts
Animals with two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.
Triploblasts
Animals with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Ecdysozoa
A major group of animals characterized by molting.
Protostomes
Organisms where the mouth develops first during embryonic development.
Deuterostomes
Organisms where the anus develops first during embryonic development.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
A structure consisting of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles in some invertebrates.
Exoskeleton
A hard external skeleton that provides structure and protection to some animals.
Internal Skeleton
A skeletal structure located inside the body, typical in vertebrates.
Cambrian Explosion
A period around 500 million years ago when most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record.
Coelom
The body cavity formed during early development, acting as a protective cushion for internal organs.
Homometabolous Development
A type of development in insects that involves complete metamorphosis.
Hemimetabolous Development
A type of insect development involving incomplete metamorphosis.
Saprobes
Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decomposing organic material.
Choanoflagellates
Unicellular organisms that are the closest living relatives to multicellular animals.
Bilateral Symmetry
A body plan in which the left and right sides of an organism are mirror images of each other.
Pentadial Symmetry
A body plan with five-fold symmetry, typical in adult echinoderms.
Facultatively Sexual
Organisms that can switch between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Post-anal Tail
A tail that extends beyond the anus, a characteristic of chordates.
Notochord
A flexible rod that provides support and is a characteristic of chordates.
Pharyngeal Slits
Developing structures in the pharynx of chordate embryos that become gills or other structures.
Red Queen Hypothesis
The hypothesis that sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity to help host species escape evolving parasites.