English Colonization and European Exploration in the New World

Act of Supremacy, 1534

Legislation that established the Church of England/Anglican Church.

Subduing Ireland

Efforts by England to exert control over Ireland.

Population boom (1600)

A growth of 1 million in population over 50 years.

Enclosure movement

The practice of closing off commons for sheep-farming.

Vagabonds

Individuals who wandered without a permanent home, often seen as a social issue.

Rule of Elizabeth I

Period during which charters were granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Gilbert at Newfoundland, 1582

Sir Humphrey Gilbert's attempt to establish a settlement in Newfoundland.

Roanoke Colony

An island off North Carolina coast known as 'The Lost Colony' established in 1583.

Supply ship finds Roanoke abandoned

In 1590, a supply ship discovered the Roanoke settlement deserted.

Land of Opportunity

Phrase associated with John Smith and the Virginia settlement in 1607.

Black Legend

The association of Spain and Catholicism with tyranny due to New World atrocities.

Christopher Columbus (1492)

Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas, initiating European colonization.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Smallpox

A deadly disease brought by Europeans that devastated Indigenous populations.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Indigenous people.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system forcing Indigenous people to work for landowners.

Hernán Cortés (1519-1521)

Conqueror of the Aztec Empire led by Montezuma.

Francisco Pizarro (1532)

Conqueror of the Inca Empire in Peru.

Mestizo Population

Mixed-race population from Spanish and Indigenous ancestry.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Indigenous uprising led by Popé against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Samuel de Champlain (1608)

Founded Quebec and developed the fur trade with Indigenous groups.

New France

French colony relying on the fur trade and alliances with Native groups like the Huron.

New Netherland

Dutch colony (present-day New York) known for trade and diversity.

Henry Hudson (1609)

Explorer of the Hudson River, establishing Dutch claims in North America.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in North America.

John Smith

Early leader who helped the Jamestown colony survive.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation, leading to economic success in Virginia.

Powhatan Confederacy

Indigenous alliance that initially traded with English settlers.

House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative government in the English colonies.

Indentured Servitude

European laborers who worked for passage to America.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Brought enslaved Africans to work on plantations in the Americas.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic.

Pequot War (1636-1638)

Conflict between New England settlers and the Pequot tribe.

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Conflict between New England colonists and Indigenous groups led by Metacom.

St.Augustine

The First Colony

Mayflower Compact(1620)

a document that established a government and legal system for the Plymouth Colony. The compact was based on English ideas of liberty and law