Physio chapter 3

Anterior and rostral

The front of the nervous system

Posterior and caudal

the back of the nervous system

Ventral

the “belly” side of the nervous system

Dura mater

the outer layer of the meninges (durable outside)

arachronid membrane

the middle layer of the meninges

Pia mater

inner layer of the meninges (pia pascha only in the innermost part of the home)

What is CSF?

Cerebrospinal fluid - fills the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane (women need space between them and the spider)

What does CSF do in the ventricular system?

It lines the ventricles, flows from the lateral ventricles to the third to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. Then flows into the subarchnid space and reabsorbed by the blood.

What is the main function of CSF?

To protect the brain by distributing its weight and absorbing shock

How is the brain developed in utero?

Begins to develop around day 18, forms the neural tube around day 20, fuses together around day 28. Then begins to develop the three interconnected chambers which will become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

How does prenatal development contribute to the development of human brain?

First there is symmetrical cell division and then asymmetrical which creates radial glia and the cortex. Once the neurons get to their final destinations they begin to form connections with each other. The folds and convolutions in the human brain is why it’s so complex

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

1. Forebrain

2. Midbrain

3. Hindbrain

What are the ventricles of the forebrain?

1. Lateral

2. Third

What is the subdivision of the lateral ventricle in the forebrain?

Telencephalon

What is the subdivision of the third ventricle in the forebrain?

Diencephalon

What are the principal structures of the telencephalon, in the lateral ventricle of the forebrain?

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Basal ganglia

3. Limbic system

What are the principal structures of the diencephalon, in the third ventricle of the forebrain?

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Pituitary gland

What is the ventricle of the midbrain?

Cerebral aqueduct

What is the subdivision of the cerebral aqueduct, which is the ventricle of the midbrain?

Mesencephalon

What are the principal structures of the mesencephalon, the subdivision of the cerebral aqueduct ventricle in the midbrain?

1. Tectum

2. Tegmentum

What is the ventricle of the hindbrain?

Fourth ventricle

What are the subdivisons of the fourth ventricle, in the hindbrain?

1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

What are the principal structures of the metencephalon, a subdivision of the fourth ventricle?

1. cerebellum

2. pons

What is the principal structure of the myelencephalon, a subdivision of the fourth ventricle?

Medulla oblongata

What does the cerebral cortex do?

Sensory, motor, and executive functions

What is the limbic system in charge of?

Motivation, emotion, and some forms of learning

What are the basal ganglia involved in?

Control of movement

What does the thalamus do?

Sends information to different parts of the brain

What does the hypothalamus do?

regulates the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

What does the pituitary gland do?

Also involved in the endocrine system and secretes hormones

What does the tectum contain?

superior and inferior colliculi

What does the inferior colliculi do?

Auditory processing (ein domeh shmia lereiyah - audio is inferior)

What does the superior colliculi do?

Visual processing (reiyah is superior)

What does the tegmentum contain?

1. reticular formation

2. periaqueductal gray matter

3. red nucleus

4. substantia nigra

What does the reticular formation do?

Involved in sensory processing, sleep, muscle tone, movement, and reflexes

What is the periaqueductal gray matter do?

Involved in species-typical behavior and pain perception

What are the red nucleus and substantia nigra involved in?

Motor control (red light stop, run on the blacktop)

What does the cerebellum do?

Balance and coordinated movements

What does the pons do?

receives information from the cortex and involved in sleep regulation

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Regulates vital functions

What are the main functions of the spinal cord?

To send sensory information to the brain from the rest of the body, relay motor information from the brain to the rest of the body, and coordinate reflexes

What do the cranial nerves do?

Attached to the ventral surface of the brain and serve sensory and motor information of the head and neck

What do the afferent axons do?

Send information from the body to the CNS

What do the efferent axons do?

Send information away from the CNS

What are the two branches of the PNS?

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Receives sensory information and controls skeletal muscles

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glans

What are the two systems of the ANS?

Sympathetic (speeds heart rate)

Parasympathetic (slows heart rate)