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Anterior and rostral
The front of the nervous system
Posterior and caudal
the back of the nervous system
Ventral
the “belly” side of the nervous system
Dura mater
the outer layer of the meninges (durable outside)
arachronid membrane
the middle layer of the meninges
Pia mater
inner layer of the meninges (pia pascha only in the innermost part of the home)
What is CSF?
Cerebrospinal fluid - fills the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane (women need space between them and the spider)
What does CSF do in the ventricular system?
It lines the ventricles, flows from the lateral ventricles to the third to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. Then flows into the subarchnid space and reabsorbed by the blood.
What is the main function of CSF?
To protect the brain by distributing its weight and absorbing shock
How is the brain developed in utero?
Begins to develop around day 18, forms the neural tube around day 20, fuses together around day 28. Then begins to develop the three interconnected chambers which will become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
How does prenatal development contribute to the development of human brain?
First there is symmetrical cell division and then asymmetrical which creates radial glia and the cortex. Once the neurons get to their final destinations they begin to form connections with each other. The folds and convolutions in the human brain is why it’s so complex
What are the three major divisions of the brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What are the ventricles of the forebrain?
Lateral
Third
What is the subdivision of the lateral ventricle in the forebrain?
Telencephalon
What is the subdivision of the third ventricle in the forebrain?
Diencephalon
What are the principal structures of the telencephalon, in the lateral ventricle of the forebrain?
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
What are the principal structures of the diencephalon, in the third ventricle of the forebrain?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
What is the ventricle of the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
What is the subdivision of the cerebral aqueduct, which is the ventricle of the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
What are the principal structures of the mesencephalon, the subdivision of the cerebral aqueduct ventricle in the midbrain?
Tectum
Tegmentum
What is the ventricle of the hindbrain?
Fourth ventricle
What are the subdivisons of the fourth ventricle, in the hindbrain?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What are the principal structures of the metencephalon, a subdivision of the fourth ventricle?
cerebellum
pons
What is the principal structure of the myelencephalon, a subdivision of the fourth ventricle?
Medulla oblongata
What does the cerebral cortex do?
Sensory, motor, and executive functions
What is the limbic system in charge of?
Motivation, emotion, and some forms of learning
What are the basal ganglia involved in?
Control of movement
What does the thalamus do?
Sends information to different parts of the brain
What does the hypothalamus do?
regulates the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system
What does the pituitary gland do?
Also involved in the endocrine system and secretes hormones
What does the tectum contain?
superior and inferior colliculi
What does the inferior colliculi do?
Auditory processing (ein domeh shmia lereiyah - audio is inferior)
What does the superior colliculi do?
Visual processing (reiyah is superior)
What does the tegmentum contain?
reticular formation
periaqueductal gray matter
red nucleus
substantia nigra
What does the reticular formation do?
Involved in sensory processing, sleep, muscle tone, movement, and reflexes
What is the periaqueductal gray matter do?
Involved in species-typical behavior and pain perception
What are the red nucleus and substantia nigra involved in?
Motor control (red light stop, run on the blacktop)
What does the cerebellum do?
Balance and coordinated movements
What does the pons do?
receives information from the cortex and involved in sleep regulation
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Regulates vital functions
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
To send sensory information to the brain from the rest of the body, relay motor information from the brain to the rest of the body, and coordinate reflexes
What do the cranial nerves do?
Attached to the ventral surface of the brain and serve sensory and motor information of the head and neck
What do the afferent axons do?
Send information from the body to the CNS
What do the efferent axons do?
Send information away from the CNS
What are the two branches of the PNS?
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Receives sensory information and controls skeletal muscles
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glans
What are the two systems of the ANS?
Sympathetic (speeds heart rate)
Parasympathetic (slows heart rate)
