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Justice William O Douglas
Person: explained that the Bill of Rights "have penumbras…that give them life and substance "and other amendments have emanations that point to a right to privacy.
Probable Cause
exists when an officer has pulled you over for a violation and /or evidence is in plain sight.
Roe v Wade SC
Case: views abortion as a privacy issue and blocks state laws banning the practice.
Abolition
the 19th- century movement to end slavery.
Strict Scrutiny
government must show a strong reason for targeting them.
Self incrimination
when you implicate yourself in a crime, usually during interrogation.
Nonsuspect Categories
Any law based on age, sexual orientation, gender identity, or physical handicap much show a rational connection to a legitimate government purpose.
Missouri Compromise
limited slavery to southern lands west of the Mississippi River.
Intermediate Scrutiny
government must show a compelling interest in the law.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Case: court strikes down state laws prohibiting the use of birth control, even for married couples.
Plessy v Ferguson
Case: SC case that legalized the concept of "separate but equal "and Jum Crowism.
Civil Liberties
limits on government that allow people to freely exercise their rights.
De facto descrimination
a subtle form of discrimination that exists without a legal basis.
Reconstruction
failed attempt to rebuild the South and establish racial equality after the Civil War.
Exclusionary Rule
excludes evidence gathered illegally and any "fruit of the poisonous tree.
Selective Incorporation
states cant enact laws.
Procedural Due Process
the steps that the government must follow before punishing an offense.
Suspect Categories
any law involving race, ethnicity, or religion.
Quasi Suspect Categories
any law involving sex- based categories.
Jim Crow Laws
created a system of segregation in the South that would last until 1965.
Civil Liberties
limits on government that allow people to freely exercise their rights
Civil Rights
freedom you have to participate in public life
The First Amendment
Freedom of Speech
Free-Exercise Clause
the government can not interfere with the practice of religion
The Second Amendment
Right to Bear Arms and Militias
D.C. v. Heller (2002)
Case: Is a DC ban on registering handguns and the required use of a trigger lock unconstitutional?
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
Case: Does the Heller case apply to states?
1st amendment
implies freedom of thought and choice
9th amendment
implies other rights exist beyond those mentioned in the Constitution
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Case: Upholds the right to abortion, BUT allows states to consider "viability."
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Case: SC strikes down "sodomy" laws in Texas affecting homosexuals
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Case: court strikes down state laws prohibiting the use of birth control, even for married couples
Procedural Due Process
the steps that the government must follow before punishing an offense
Whren v. United States (1996)
Case: A person pulled over during a traffic stop is found to have drugs
Probable Cause
exists when an officer has pulled you over for a violation and/or evidence is in plain sight
Exclusionary Rule
excludes evidence gathered illegally and any "fruit of the poisonous tree"
5th Amendment
Self-Incrimination
Self-incrimination
when you implicate yourself in a crime, usually during interrogation
6th Amendment
Right to Legal Counsel
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Case: SC says the trials denied due process
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Case: SC believes that all (felony) defendants have a right to an attorney even if they can not afford one
The 14th Amendment
Equal Protection
Equal-Protection Clause
States can't deny any person equal protection under the law
Suspect Categories
any law involving race, ethnicity, or religion
Strict Scrutiny
government much show a strong reason for targeting them
Quasi-Suspect Categories
any law involving sex-based categories
Intermediate Scrutiny
government must show a compelling interest in the law
Nonsuspect Categories
Any law based on age, sexual orientation, gender identity, or physical handicap much show a rational connection to a legitimate government purpose
Abolition
the 19th-century movement to end slavery
Missouri Compromise
limited slavery to southern lands west of the Mississippi River
Dredd Schott vs. Sandford
Case: SC decision that stated blacks could not be citizens
Reconstruction
failed attempt to rebuild the South and establish racial equality after the Civil War
13th
ends slavery
14th
grants citizenship and equal protection under the law
15th
grants voting rights to black males
Black Codes
laws restricting the rights of blacks
Jim Crow Laws
created a system of segregation in the South that would last until 1965
Plessy v. Ferguson
Case: SC case that legalized the concept of "separate but equal" and Jum Crowism
de jure discrimination
discrimination established by law…like Jim Crow laws
de facto discrimination
a subtle form of discrimination that exists without a legal basis
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Case: marked the beginning of the end of the "Separate but equal" era that started with Plessy v. Ferguson
De jure discrimination
discrimination established by law
Schench v. the US (1919)
Case: Established the Clear and Present danger test (which states that speech can be curbed.)
Tinker v. Des Moines
Case: symbolic speech- where a school was upset with students for wearing black armbands that protested the Vietnam war.
New York Times v. the US
Case: freedom of the press- NYT tried to expose the Pentagon Papers because the government was lying.
Engle v. Vitale
Case: A school prayer case that violated the establishment clause: separation of church and state
Lemon v. Kurtzman
Case: The case focuses on state funding for private religious schools to be used for non-religious purposes.
A Social Movement
organizations to fight for civil rights and desegregation.
Nonviolent protests
protests mean to state what’s wanted to be said without violence (sit-ins, marches, “rides”)
The 24th Amendment
Outlaws poll taxes (for voting)
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Prohibited Literacy Tests
Affirmative Action (Employment)
Programs designed to ensure groups have full and equal opportunities
Laws of coverture
laws that stated a woman’s political rights and duties operated through her husband
Note 
Flashcard (28)