Human A&P Exam 1

regional anatomy

the study of the body by areas (cranial, torso, etc)

systemic anatomy

the study of the body by systems (cardiovascular, nervous, etc)

organ systems of the body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphathic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

abdominopelvic quadrants

RUQ, LUQ, LLQ, RLQ

abdomionpelvic regions

right hypochondrial/hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondrial/hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, left inguinal/iliac, hypogastric/pubic, right inguinal/iliac

combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into a front and back plane

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right plane

parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right planes

transverse/axial plane

divides the body into an upper and lower plane

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle

anatomy

study of structure; anatomy; to cut apart

physiology

study of function; physis; function or natural function of “nature”

histology

is the study of tissues

fundamental tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

epithelial tissue

coverings and linings

• squamous, cubodial, columnar

connective tissue

widely spaces with lots of extracellular matrix btwn them (bones, ligaments, etc)

muscular tissue

made up of cells called fibers (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)

nervous tissue

consist of conductive cells called neurons and non-conductive supportive cells called neuroglial cells (brain, spinal, gilia)

squamous epithelial tissue

flat, scale-like cells

cuboidal epithelial tissue

same dimensions in all directions, cube shaped, usually has a spherical nucleus

columnar epithelial tissue

elongated, thin along one axis, oval nucleus

chemical level

interaction of atoms

cell level

structural and functional unit of living organisms

tissue level

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

organ level

one of more tissues functioning together

organ system level

group of organs functioning together

organism level

any living thing

pigmented part of basic dyes

chromophore, positively charged

basic dyes

positively charged, stain acidic structures (methylene blue)

acidic dyes

negatively charged; stain basic structures (eosin)

superior

toward the head

inferior

toward the feet

anterior (ventral)

front

posterior (dorsal)

back

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

superfical

toward surface

deep

away from surface

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

abdominal

abdomen

brachial

arm

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

ions

atoms that gain or lose electrons

denatured

protein whose shape has been altered and loses function (egg white protein when cooked)

what does mesothelium derive from

mesoderm

what are the germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

ectoderm

outer layer

mesoderm

middle layer

endoderm

inner layer

acids

substances that donate hydrogen ions

what is pH of 7

neutral

what are chemicals that resist pH changes

buffers

a solution with a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

basic (alkaline)

amino acids are the building blocks for

proteins

glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks for

lipids (fats/triglycerides)

nucleotides are the building blocks for

nucleic acids

macromolecules that function as the genetic material and are involved in protein synthesis are called

nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

a common fuel nutrient that includes glycogen as a storage molecule

carbohydrates

layer of epidermis with cells lacking nuclei

stratum corneum

smooth ER

manufactures lipids and carbohydrates

rough ER

synthesizes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

what are the characteristics of basement membrane

found beneath epithelial tissue, anchors to connective tissue

• made of basal lamina/reticular lamina

supports, attaches, filters

stratified squamous epithelium

many layers; surface cells flat

transitional epithelium

cube-like when relaxed and flattened when stretched

tight junctions

continuous bands of connective proteins attach adjacent cells to each other

hemidesmosomes

anchor epithelial cells to the basement membranes, found at the basal surface

desmosomes

epidermis cells mechanically linked, with a network of fine proteins and intercellular cemenet, connect the cell membrane of two cells

endocrine glands

ductless glands, secrete hormones into blood/interstitial fluid

what are examples of endocrine glands

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal glands

what is the fundamental tissue of endocrine glands

epithelial tissue

proximal/distal

position of wrist, elbow, and shoulder

supine position

on their back, facing upwards

peritoneal cavity (within abdominopelvic cavity)

true body cavity lined by peritoneum and divided by mesenteries

what is midclavicular and transtubercular lines used to define

nine abdominopelvic regions

disease/disorder

disruption of homeostasis

what are the functions of integumentary system

protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, prevent water loss, vitamin D synthesis

what are the layers of integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what are the accessory structures of the integumentary system

hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

eccine sweat glands

most numerous, open directly onto skin surface, thermoregulation

apocrine sweat glands

axillary/genital regions, empty into hair follicles, become active at puberty

sebaceous glands

produce sebum (oil), empty into hair follicles

hair composition

dead keratinized cells, contains - shaft, root, bulb

adheren junction

anchoring junction connecting actin filaments of neighboring cells

desomosome

strong spot welds between adjacent cells, Pin-point locations on surfaces

gap junction

communication channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass

hemidesmosome

anchors epithelial cells to basement membrane

tight junction

forms permeability barrier and prevents leakage

epidermis (deep to superfical)

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum

dermis

papillary layer (superfical, areolar connective tissue)

reticular layer (deep, dense irregular connective tissue)

melanocytes

produce melanin pigment

dead kerationcytes

found mainly in stratum corneum