Review Flashcards on Protozoans, Poriferans, Cnidarians, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Echinodermata, and Chordates

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes on various phyla and clades.

Protozoa

Assemblage of eukaryotic unicellular organisms with animal-like features: absence of cell wall and one motile stage in their life.

Choanoflagellates

Eukaryotes morphologically similar to a choanocyte of sponges; sister groups to animals; have signaling and adhesion proteins.

Phylum Porifera

Sponges: Simplest multicellular animals; body is an assemblage of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix with needle-like spicules and protein.

Pinacocytes

Flat cells forming the epidermis of sponges; may phagocytize large food particles.

Choanocytes

Flagellated collar cells lining interior surfaces of sponges; create water currents.

Amoebocytes

Cells in the mesohyl of sponges; deliver nutrients and differentiate into other cell types.

Sclerocytes

Cells in sponges that secrete silica or calcareous spicules.

Class Calcarea

Calcareous sponges with spicules composed of calcium carbonate.

Class Hexactinellida

Glass sponges with a skeleton of six-rayed siliceous spicules.

Class Demospongiae

Sponge species with skeletons of siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, or both; all leuconoid.

Phylum Cnidaria

Radiate animals characterized by radial or biradial symmetry and cnidocytes containing stinging organelles (nematocysts).

Cnidocytes

Cells that contain nematocysts characteristic of Cnidaria.

Nematocysts

Stinging organelles formed and used only by cnidarians.

Polymorphism

The two basic types of individuals in Cnidaria: polyps and medusae.

Class Hydrozoa

Hydroids; can be freshwater/marine, solitary/colonial. Includes Hydra, Obelia, Physalia, Tubularia

Class Scyphozoa

All marine; Solitary; polyp stage reduced or absent and bell-shaped medusa; Gelatinous mesoglea is much enlarged;

Class Cubozoa

All marine; Solitary; polyp stage reduced; Bell-shaped medusa square in cross section

Class Anthozoa

All polyps; no medusae; flower animals; polyps are solitary colonies; Includes Sea anemones, Corals, Sea Fans

Scleractinia

Anthozoan order including true or stony corals.

Corallite

Skeleton produced by a single coral polyp.

Calyx

Concave depression that houses the coral polyp.

Septum

Skeletal plates that radiate into the calyx from the wall.

Coenosteum

Skeletal material between walls of adjacent corallites.

Corallum

The entire coral skeleton.

Lophotrochozoa

Major group within the animal kingdom; bilaterally symmetrical with a left and right side to their bodies

Lophophore

A feeding structure consisting of a ciliated crown of tentacles surrounding a mouth

Trochophore larva

The developmental stage of the Trochozoa

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms characterized by bilateral symmetry and lacking a body cavity.

Acoelomate

Lacking a body cavity called a coelom.

Protonephridia

Excretory system in flatworms for osmoregulation and excretion of waste.

Flame bulbs/cells

Ciliated structures in protonephridia that draw water in and expel out

Class Turbellaria

Includes marine worms and planarians; most free-living

Class Trematoda

Flukes; obligate internal parasites which sucks blood or cell fluids

Class Monogenea

Parasitic; distinguished by the presence of a haptor, a posterior attachment organ.

Haptor

A posterior attachment organ in Monogenea.

Class Cestoda

Tapeworms; Parasite -Presence of scolex/ no mouth; Segmentation -Eyespots absent; Complex Life Stages

Scolex

The anterior end of a tapeworm, bearing suckers and hooks for attachment.

Proglottid

A segment of a tapeworm containing reproductive organs.

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms, characterized by a body divided into segments.

Metanephridia

Excretory organs in annelids.

Prostomium and Peristomium

Components on head of annelids

Chaetae

Lateral, segmentally arranged epidermal bristles.

Clitellum

A ring of secretory cells in the epidermis that appears on the worm’s exterior as a fat band around the body

Class Sedentaria

Worms with polychaete and oligochaete body plans that live in tubes or burrows.

Class Errantia

Freely moving polychaetes; Most segments with parapodia (lateral appendages) bearing tufts of many setae.

Parapodia

Lateral appendages found in Class Errantia (annelids)

Phylum Mollusca

Soft-bodied animals, most secrete a hard protective shell made of calcium carbonate.

Radula

Raspng organ in mollusks

Mantle

A fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass

Mantle cavity

A water-filled chamber, which houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores.

Hemocoel

Principal body cavity in mollusks (open circulatory system).

Class Caudofoveata and Solenogastres

Aplacophora; both are wormlike and shell-less; wormlike and shell-less, with calcareous scales or spicules in their integument.

Class Polyplacophora

Chitons; have a convex dorsal surface that bears eight (rarely seven) articulating calcareous plates (or valves)

Class Monoplacophora

Molluscs are small and have a low, rounded shell and a creeping foot; serially repeated organs.

Class Scaphopoda

Tusk shells or tooth shells; have a slender tubular shell open at both ends

Class Gastropoda

Asymmetrical molluscs with single, usually spirally coiled shell

Torsion

Visceral mass and mantle rotate 90-180° on foot

Class Bivalvia

Laterally compressed; shell typically of two valves hinged together

Class Cephalopoda

With linearly chambered shell, usually reduced or lost in living taxa

Ecdysozoa

Animals that molt a cuticle.

Ecdysis

Molting, the process of shedding the cuticle.

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms characterized by a tough cuticle that coats their body

Amphids

Sensory organs at the anterior.

Phasmids

Sensory organs at the posterior.

Phylum Arthropoda

Jointed foot; Most successful phylum -Ecologically diverse

Tagmata

Regions of Arthropda

Ecdysis

Molting; Exoskeleton Must be shed to allow growth

Subphylum Trilobita

Extinct Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Arthropods with chelicerae;horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions

Chelicerae

Clawlike feeding appendages.

Subphylum Myriapoda

centipedes, millipedes; Pattern of two tagmata—head and trunk

Subphylum Crustacea

Arthropods with gills;crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles; Only arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae

Mandible

Chewing mouthpart

Subphylum Hexapoda

Insects, Arthropods with six legs

Pentaradial symmetry

the body parts extend from the center along five spokes

Tube feet

extension aids in; Movement, Feeding, Respiration, Excretion

Subphylum Osteichthyes

Also called Bony fish

Pedicellariae

little pincers, help keep the body surface free of foreign objects

Echinodermata

“Spiny Skin;Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical; Deuterostomes

Asteroidea

“starlike; Examples: sea stars

Holothuroidea

“water polyp: Examples: sea cucumbers -Soft bodies because the particles that make up their endoskeleton are small

Echinoidea

“spinelike: Examples: sea urchins, sand dollars; Test –compact, rigid endoskeleton

Ophiuroidea

snake-tail: Examples: basket stars and brittle stars Can break and regenerate easily

Crinoidea

lily-like; Examples: sea lilies, feather stars; Tube feet  gas exchange

Ectotherm

Organisms that cannot internally regulate body temperatures; Called “cold blooded”

Ambulacraria

Clade of Echinoderms and Hemichordates; closest extant phyologenetic realtives of chordates

Nectorchord

skeletal structure present in all chordate embryos as well as in some adult chordates

pharyngeal Slits or cleft

Grooves or slits that open into the pharynx

Amnion

embryo

Chorion

The Amniotic Egg

Allantois

The Amniotic Egg-waste disposal

Yolk Sac

The Amniotic Egg for Food

Subphylum Cephalochordate

Commonly known as lancelets

Subhpylum Urochordata

Commonly called turnicates

Class Cyclostomata

Jawless fish

Class Osteichthyes

Allowed evolution of 4 limbed amphibians (tetrapods) Have Swim bladder – Gas content can be manipulated allowing for changes in bouyancy

Phylum Porifera

Sponges: Simplest multicellular animals; body is an assemblage of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix with needle-like spicules and protein.

Phylum Cnidaria

Radiate animals characterized by radial or biradial symmetry and cnidocytes containing stinging organelles (nematocysts).

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms characterized by bilateral symmetry and lacking a body cavity.

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms, characterized by a body divided into segments.