[MICROPARA LEC MIDTERMS] TO1

Microorganisms

What are organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye?

AGRE AND MACKINNON

WATER AND ION CHANNELS IN PM

FISCHER AND E. KREBS

ENZYMES THAT REGULATE CELL (PROTEIN KINASES)

STANLEY B. PRUSINER

who discovered prions?

foliose, fruticose, crustose

3 types of lichens

lactobacillus and penicillum

What are examples of friendly microorganisms

pathogens, viruses

examples of foes!

Decompose

What do microorganisms do to organic waste?

Algae - they can do photosynthesis

Ex of microorganism that act as producers in the ecosystem and why?

Ethyl alcohol and acetone

What industrial chemicals do microorganisms produce? (Give ex)

vinegars, cheese, bread

What fermented foods do microorganisms produce? (Give ex)

cellulase

What manufacturing products do microbes produce? (Give ex)

Bacteria > Sporangia (Fungi) > Prions (Misfolded proteins) Protozoans: amoeba (pseudopods) > Algae> Virus

Label from left to right

Germs

Term before calling it microbes; they multiplicate/keeps on reproducing (germinating)

Pathogens

What are disease-causing microorganisms called?

Nonpathogens

What are microorganisms that do not cause disease called?

Germs

What is the non-scientific term for disease-causing microorganisms?

Infectious disease

What category of disease occurs when a pathogen colonizes the body and causes disease?

Microbial intoxication

What category of disease occurs when a person ingests a toxin produced by a microorganism?

clostridium, tetanii, aspergillus flavus

Examples of microbial intoxication

Algae

What category of pathogens is a very rare cause of infections and intoxications?

strep throat, uti

What diseases are caused by bacteria?

Prevent food spoilage

How does microbiology help with food?

Prevent disease occurrence

How does microbiology help with disease?

Aseptic techniques

What techniques prevent contamination in medicine and laboratories?

Linnaeus

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

Genus

What is the first name in scientific nomenclature?

Specific epithet

What is the second name in scientific nomenclature?

italicized, underlined

How are scientific names formatted? typing and writing

Genus

Which is capitalized in scientific names?

Staphylococcus aureus

What scientific name describes clustered arrangement and golden color?

Escherichia coli

What scientific name honors Theodor Escherich and describes the large intestine habitat?

Abbreviated with the first letter of the genus

How are scientific names abbreviated after first use?

Bacteria, Archaean, algae, protozoa, fungi, virus

What are the main categories of microorganisms?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria domain

What domain has peptidoglycan cell walls and binary fission?

acetylglucosamine + muramic acid

Sugar chains of bacteria

Virus, bird flu

What micoorganism is considered intracellular and wont survive without a host? give example

Archaea domain

What domain lacks peptidoglycan and lives in extreme environments?

Eukarya domain

What domain includes fungi, protozoa, algae, and animals?

Prokaryotes

What are organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls and binary fission?

can live with or without oxygen

Definition of facultative

Fermentation

If there is no oxygen present, anaerobic microorganisms use?

hi

hello

Aerobic bacteria

What bacteria use respiration with oxygen?

Anaerobic bacteria

What bacteria use fermentation?

Quorum sensing

What is the cell-to-cell communication mechanism in prokaryotes?

Bioluminescence, pseudomonas

What physiological process involves light production regulated by quorum sensing? (answer + example) format (ans, ex)

Biofilm

What physiological process involves community formation regulated by quorum sensing?

Plasmid conjugal transfer

What physiological process involves DNA transfer regulated by quorum sensing?; extra chromosome found in bacterial cell and the reason why we have multiresistant drugs

Production of virulence determinant

What physiological process involves pathogenicity factors regulated by quorum sensing? converts non-pathogenic to pathogenic

Autoinducer

What is the diffusible signal molecule for population density monitoring? invites other microorganisms to be part of the community

Pheromone

What is another term for autoinducer?

Plasmid

What may exhibit broad host range and drug resistance?

Mycoplasmas

What bacteria lost the ability to form a cell wall?

Chlamydia and Rickettsiae

What bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites?

Structural

What classification is based on presence of spore?

Physiological

What classification is based on ability to ferment carbohydrates?

Biochemical

What classification is based on Gram stain?

Genetic

What classification is based on DNA-based technologies like PCR?

Methanogens

What archaea produce methane?

Extreme halophiles

What archaea live in extremely salty environments?

Extreme thermophiles

What archaea live in extremely hot environments?

Hyperthermophiles

What archaea include Pyrodictium and Sulfolobus?

Methanobacterium

What is an example of a methanogen?

Halobacterium

What is an example of an extreme halophile?

Fungi

What are eukaryotes with chitin cell walls?

Molds and mushrooms

What fungi are multicellular consisting of mycelia?

Mycelia

What are masses of hyphae called?

Hyphae

What are filaments that compose mycelia called?

Yeasts

What fungi are unicellular?

Fission yeasts

What yeasts divide symmetrically?

Budding yeasts

What yeasts divide asymmetrically?

Dimorphic fungi

What fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C?

T/F —> Yeast = filament; mold; no filament

Lichens

What is the mutualistic combination of an alga and fungus?

Alga

What produces and secretes carbohydrates in lichens?

Fungus

What provides holdfast in lichens?

Lichens

What are good pollution indicators?

trunks of trees, using rhizine

Where can we find lichens and how do they attach

Protozoa

What eukaryotes absorb or ingest organic chemicals heterotrophs?

pseudopods, cilia or flagella

How do protozoa move?

Algae

What eukaryotes have cellulose cell walls and use photosynthesis?

Red tide

What is caused by dinoflagellates Gonyaulax?

Viruses

What are acellular organisms with DNA or RNA (they can’t have both) core surrounded by protein coat?

Capsid, formed from capsomeres

The core of viruses is surrounded by this protein coat called? and where is it formed?

Lipid envelope

What may enclose the protein coat of some viruses?

Virophages

What are double-stranded DNA viruses?

Viroids

What are single-stranded RNA infectious agents?

Prions

What are infectious proteins discovered by Stanley B. Prusiner?

ingestion, transplant, surgical instruments

How are prions transmitted?

Spongiform encephalopathies

What diseases are caused by prions?

Sheep scrapie

What is a prion disease in sheep?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

What is a prion disease in humans? cj

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome

What is a prion disease in humans?

Fatal familial insomnia

What is a prion disease in humans? ffi

Mad cow disease

What is a prion disease in cattle?

PrPC

What is the normal cellular prion protein?

PrPSc

What is the scrapie protein that accumulates in brain cells?

Cellular slime molds

What resembles amoebas and ingests bacteria by phagocytosis?