Info Systems Final

IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

(System Admins)

o   servers, storage, and networking

common uses: business continuity, disaster recovery

PaaS: Platform as a Service

(developers)

o   development and deployment environment

SaaS: Software as a Service

(end users/customers)

o   accessible via web browser

o   priced on a pay-per-use basis / subscription fee

String

o   Used for a combination of any characters that appear on a keyboard, such as letters, numbers and symbols

Character

single letter/number/symbol

Integer

whole number, positive or negative, without decimals

Float (real)

a data type that represents numbers with decimal points, allowing for fractional values.

Boolean

True/False

Qualitative Data Types

Nominal- no natural order (ex. red, yellow, blue)

Ordinal- natural ordering (ex. small, medium, large)

Quantitative Data Types

Discrete- whole numbers

Continuous- fractional numbers

BLOB

o   Binary Large Object) (images, audio files, and video clips)

CLOB

o   (Character Large Object) often source remains at native location and CLOB field is an address which refences the location of the data (i.e., books, medical record document

API (Application Programming Interface)

lets 2 applications talk to each other

Sentiment Analysis

NLP technique, finds if data is positive, negative, or neutral

Graphicacy

the ability to understand and present information in non-textural formats (i.e., sketches, photographs, diagrams, maps, charts, graphs)

Annual Risk Assessment

continuous cycle of review and improvement (administrative, physical, technical)

Characteristics of High-Quality Data

Accurate, Complete, Consistent, Timely, Unique

Data Governance

Creation of Rules, Execution of Rules, Adjudication of Violations

NoSQL Database, “Not Only SQL”

o   Suited for semi-structured or unstructured data.

o   Useful for storing large volumes of raw data (i.e., images, text, and sensor data, which may not fit neatly into the rows and columns of a relational database

Object-oriented databases (OODB)

o   Storage of all data types

o   Stored in the form of objects

o   Each object contains both data (attributes or fields) and the methods (functions) that can operate on that datadesigned to handle complex data and relationships, allowing for more intuitive data modeling and retrieval.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

o   used to communicate with and manipulate data stored in relational database management systems (RDBMS) and some other types of databases

Relational Databases

o   SQL is closely associated with relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, and others. These databases use tables to organize data and rely on SQL for data manipulation and querying

Non-Relational Databases

o   some NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases also support SQL-like querying or have their own query languages.

SQL's usage and syntax can differ significantly in these non-relational databases.

ETL

Extraction, Transformation, and Loading process used in data warehousing to consolidate data from multiple sources.

Internet of Things

physical objects with sensors, processing ability, software, or other tech that connects and exchanges data

Cryptocurrencies

digital assets that use cryptography for secure transactions, operating on decentralized networks.

2 biggest cryptocurrencies

Bitcoin and Ether

Blockchain

Decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

o   Decentralized database managed by multiple participants.

Blockchain is a type of DLT, but not all DLTs use the block-based structure of blockchain.

Ledger

o   Ledger: Records classified and summarized transactional data

Hash

o   Hash: function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an encrypted output

Blocks

o   Blocks: data structure containing a hash, previous hash and data

Blockchain

o   Blockchain: A type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data that maintain a permanent and tamper—proof record of transactional data

Genesis block

first block in blockchain

Ethereum

o   Ethereum: decentralized, open source blockchain platform with smart contract functionality

NFT

Non-Fungible Tokens- o   Blockchain-based tokens that represent a unique asset like a piece of art, digital content, or media

o   A unique digital identifier that cannot be copied, substituted, or subdivided, that is recorded in a blockchain, and that is used to certify authenticity and ownership

Machine Learning

Technique that lets computers ‘learn’ form the data they process

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

- Machine Learning that can interpret and respond to human language

- NLP techniques select a sequence of words based on their probability of satisfying a goal, such as summarization, question and answering, or translation

generative AI

can create various types of content including text, images, video, and audio

Hallucination

model produces responses that aren’t grounded in fact or reality but are presented as such

Privacy by Design (PbD)

o   Embed-  “build it in, don’t bolt it on”

o   Ownership- Security through E2E data lifecycle

o   AI-  Connected (IoT) devices up-front rigor methods, tools, standards, and regular reviews

o   Accountable- Know where and why of data for a strategy, operational, and compliance perspective

o   Safegaurd-  Data stored/managed -clean and accessible for analysis / learning in real-time

5 principles for Big Data Ethic

o   Private info data/identity remain private

o   Treat confidentially

o   Customers have a transparent view

o   Not interfere with human will

o   Do not create unfair biases

Agile Methodology

Manage a project by breaking it up into several phases

Agile Manifesto 4 Values

o   1. Individuals and Interactions over processes and tools

o   2. Working software over comprehensive documentation

o   3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation

o   4. Responding to change over following a plan