Electrical Signals and Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts in the study of electrical signals and membrane permeability.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

Chemical neurotransmitter

A molecule that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

Conformational change

A change in the structure of a protein that affects its function.

Presynaptic neuron

The neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Postsynaptic neuron

The neuron that receives neurotransmitters and may generate a response.

Active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Ion channel

A protein structure that allows ions to pass through the membrane in response to signals.

Voltage-gated ion channels

Channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.

Co-transporters

Proteins that transport two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across a membrane.

Antiporters

Transporters that move two ions or molecules in opposite directions across a membrane.

Summation

The process by which multiple inputs combine to produce a larger effect in postsynaptic potentials.

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Receptors that, when activated by a ligand, initiate a signaling cascade often involving G-proteins.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment.

Reversal potential (Erev)

The electrical potential at which there is no net flow of ions through a channel.

Threshold potential

The critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential.